Resource Forks, Bundles, etc.

HFS (and HFS+, and MFS) all have a native understanding of dual-forked files. It's been a part of the Mac OS world ever since the original 128k Mac in 1984. The problem is that the rest of the computing world mostly had adopted the "a file is a data stream and that's it" model of unix. This is what led to years of problems transferring Mac files around via FTP on the internet and the creation and adoption of formats like MacBinary and BinHex. For MIME purposes, AppleSingle and AppleDouble were used. From RFC1740 https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1740.txt

> Files on the Macintosh consists of two parts, called forks:
>
> Data fork: The actual data included in the file. The Data
> fork is typically the only meaningful part of a
> Macintosh file on a non-Macintosh computer system.
> For example, if a Macintosh user wants to send a
> file of data to a user on an IBM-PC, she would only
> send the Data fork.
>
> Resource fork: Contains a collection of arbitrary attribute/value
> pairs, including program segments, icon bitmaps,
> and parametric values.
>
> Additional information regarding Macintosh files is stored by the
> Finder in a hidden file, called the "Desktop Database".
>
> Because of the complications in storing different parts of a
> Macintosh file in a non-Macintosh filesystem that only handles
> consecutive data in one part, it is common to convert the Macintosh
> file into some other format before transferring it over the network.
>
> The two styles of use are [APPL90]:
>
> AppleSingle: Apple's standard format for encoding Macintosh files
> as one byte stream.
> AppleDouble: Similar to AppleSingle except that the Data fork is
> separated from the Macintosh-specific parts by the
> AppleDouble encoding.
>
> AppleDouble is the preferred format for a Macintosh file that is to
> be included in an Internet mail message, because it provides
> recipients with Macintosh computers the entire document, including
> Icons and other Macintosh specific information, while other users
> easily can extract the Data fork (the actual data) as it is separated
> from the AppleDouble encoding.

It was not uncommon for some files to be entirely resource forks and with empty data forks.

In fact, before the PowerPC era and the increasing complexity of shared libraries and apps generally, it was not uncommon for application programs in the System 6 era to consist entirely of a single file, which could be located where-ever you wanted to. (Imagine if, on the *nix side, all your gettext files and support directories and other miscellaneous crap even console programs might have strewn about the file system were all in a single file on the system.)

Eventually, things got more and more complicated (especially once shared libraries became A Thing on the Mac). Office 6 was a notable monstrosity of filesystem complexity, which made Office 98 a thing of beauty -- you could simply drag the entire Office folder over and that was it.

Note: All of this below is spelled out in Apple technote: https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/technotes/tn/...

By the Mac OS 9 timeframe, a solution was wanted. What ended up being used was a "bundle" bit being set in the fs metadata on certain folders to make them look like files. This hid most of the unnecessary complexity from the user and let them drag things around and manipulate the application as a single entity. If the app didn't need to install something into the System Folder, this meant you could once again think of the app as a single item and treat it accordingly.

It should be pointed out, though that resource forks were still being used here. The bundle-as-single-icon was more for associating multiple *files*, all of which could have both resource and data forks (and other named forks, but this was rarely used). That said, PPC code was located in the data fork now instead of the resource fork, so it was loaded as more or less an unstructured blob rather than structure CODE blocks handled by the Resource Manager.

When Mac OS became Mac OS X, the de-emphasis of resource folks continued. UFS didn't know what to do with them, more and more file transfer on the internet was happening, which meant lots of inefficient BinHex encoding, and command line tools had barely any concept of the closest parallel: Windows NTFS "streams", which were barely used as well. The solution eventually developed was to treat Resource Forks on filesystems that didn't support them the same way as had been done on FS.

The NeXT-ization of Apple had many benefits, but IMO this was a step backwards. Rich metadata like resources provided something few other OS's had, but made things actually *simpler* on disk as long as the tools and apps knew what to expect. Sadly, Apple didn't even patch the low-level BSD cp/mv commands to understand multiple fork files until 10.4, so it's clear this was the direction things were going to go toward. Thus we end up in a world where Bundles and Packages exist and native multiple-fork files are rare. See https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation... for details on how it looks from an OS X perspective.

> Mac OS X plays tricks like this but I guess they're just directories from its filesystem perspective, all magic in userspace?

TL;DR: Folders that appear as a single file, but can be drilled down into in some places (including the Finder).

Hope that helped.