Welcome to the LWN.net Weekly Edition for July 10, 2025

This edition contains the following feature content:

• Reinventing the Python wheel: the effort to rethink Python packaging.
• Kernel API specification and validation: avoiding the breaking of the kernel interface would be easier if there were a proper description of what that interface is.
• Toward the unification of kselftests and KUnit: can the kernel's two internal testing frameworks be brought together?
• A tour of the niri scrolling-tiling Wayland compositor: a different approach to desktop management.
• Python audio processing with pedalboard: a Python toolkit for working with audio data.

This week's edition also includes these inner pages:

• Brief items: Brief news items from throughout the community.
• Announcements: Newsletters, conferences, security updates, patches, and more.

Please enjoy this week's edition, and, as always, thank you for supporting LWN.net.

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Reinventing the Python wheel

It is no secret that the Python packaging world is at something of a crossroads; there have been debates and discussions about the packaging landscape that started long before our 2023 series describing some of the difficulties. There has been progress since then—and incremental improvements all along, in truth—but a new initiative is looking to overhaul packaging for the language. At PyCon US 2025, Barry Warsaw and Jonathan Dekhtiar gave a presentation on the WheelNext project, which is a community effort that aims to improve the experience for users and providers of Python packages while also working with toolmakers and other parts of the ecosystem to "reinvent the wheel". While the project's name refers to Python's wheel binary distribution format, its goals stretch much further than simply the format.

Warsaw started things off by noting that, while he and Dekhtiar both work for NVIDIA, WheelNext is a "community-driven initiative that spans all of the entire Python community". He put up profile pictures from around 30 different people who had already been contributing to the WheelNext GitHub repository; "it's really open to anybody", Warsaw said.

Before getting into the meat of WheelNext, it is important to "celebrate the wins for the Python packaging community", he said, showing some screen shots that had been taken a few weeks before the talk in May. The numbers of projects (600K+), releases (nearly 7 million), files (14.1 million), and users (920K+) listed on the Python Package Index (PyPI) home page are eye-opening, for example. The PyPI Stats page showed numbers that "certainly blew me away; 1.6 billion downloads a day [on that day], 20 billion downloads a month". He showed some other graphs that illustrated the "prodigious amount of data and packages that are being vended by PyPI".

It is clear that Python packages, and wheels in particular, have been extremely successful. They are used "every day, in many many different ecosystems, in corners of the Python world that we're not even aware of" and that is the result of a lot of hard work over decades by many people, organizations, and companies. "Wheels pretty much serve the needs of most users most of the time ... so that's awesome." Over time, though, as Python reaches more development communities and additional use cases arise, "cracks are beginning to show"

WheelNext

His elevator pitch for WheelNext: "An incubator for thinking about the problems and solutions of the packaging community for the next, let's say, ten years, five years, 30 years". WheelNext goes well beyond just the wheel format; "we're really talking about evolving the Python-packaging ecosystem". Among the companies, organizations, and individuals involved are all of the different stakeholders for packaging, beyond just users: "tool makers, environment managers, installers, package managers", many tools that consume wheels, people building packages for PyPI, and so on. All of those are affected by what is working well—and not so well—for packaging.

He showed a slide of the logos of a dozen or so communities and projects that are part of the effort, noting that it was just a sampling of them. He said that they were mostly in the scientific-computing part of the Python world; "that 's just because I think the packaging ecosystem doesn't serve their needs quite as well as many other communities".

A lot of the inspiration for WheelNext came out of the pypackaging-native web site; he recommended visiting that site for "really excellent, detailed information about the problem space that we're trying to solve". WheelNext is the other side of the coin, trying to find solutions for the problems outlined there.

For example, wheels and tools like pip are not set up to handle GPUs, CPU micro-architectures, and specialized libraries (e.g. for linear algebra); in those cases, users want a wheel that targets specific versions of those variables. Limits on the size of wheels that are imposed by PyPI need to be addressed as part of WheelNext. In addition, there are native dependencies: libraries written in C, C++, Rust, or other languages that are needed by Python modules, along with any dependencies. It is difficult for users to specify exactly what they need in those cases.

The WheelNext project has a set of axioms that it has adopted as part of its philosophy. "If it works for you now, great, it'll continue to work for you later"; the project is not looking to change things for parts of the community where the status quo already works. Beyond that, the project is prioritizing the user experience of package installation and trying to push any complexity into the tools. WheelNext does not want to create another silo or its own ecosystem, it wants to meet users where they are today; users already have tools that they like, so it does not make sense to force them to learn another.

The idea is for WheelNext to come up with ecosystem-wide solutions, not ones that only work for a single tool or service. For example, there are "lots of third-party indexes that exist" beyond just PyPI, Warsaw said; the intent is to think about "how are we going to standardize what we need to standardize for interoperability". Backward compatibility will be prioritized, but if there comes a need to break that to improve things, the plan is "to do so intentionally and explicitly with a very defined migration path".

Problems

At that point, Dekhtiar took the stage to further discuss the problems that WheelNext is trying to address. First up was the PyPI file-size limitations; by default PyPI files can be up to 100MB in size; that can be raised to 1GB by PyPI staff, which is a manual process, thus kind of painful. Meanwhile, a project is limited to 10GB in total size for all of its files; "you are kind of boxed in by multiple limits at the same time". This problem is particularly acute for scientific projects and those shipping large AI models.

One possible solution to that is for those who need to distribute larger objects to have their own indexes. "That does not work as well as we would wish", in part because pip's interface is painful to use with extra indexes. In addition, there can be security problems because multiple indexes can provide packages with the same names, some of which could be buggy or malicious. The dependency resolver will try to choose the best version to install based on version numbers, which can be set by attackers; "in terms of security, it is difficult to manage". So, improving the mechanism for resolving and prioritizing indexes is an important target for WheelNext.

As Warsaw had noted, backward compatibility is a major goal for the initiative; the intent is to fix the problems "without reinventing the workflow", Dekhtiar said. It is difficult to do so using the existing wheel format because it cannot be extended in a backward-compatible way; there is no way to express that older versions of pip should see one thing, while newer versions should see a different format. That lack is holding up the ability to add support for symbolic links, Zstandard compression (which would help with PyPI file-size limitations somewhat), and METADATA.json files (which would help implementing Python dependency lock files and package resolution).

Many Python scientific-computing packages rely on binary libraries of various sorts. A given application might use multiple packages, each of which relies on (and ships) its own version of the OpenBLAS linear-algebra library. Being able to share common libraries between packages in an efficient manner would reduce the number of redundant libraries that are shipped in packages and loaded at run time.

Some packages support multiple options for backends that provide visualization tools, web servers, or GUI toolkits, for example. They often require that one of the options is chosen when the package is installed, but users may not have a opinion about which they want. Like Python does with default arguments to functions, he said, it would be nice to have a way to specify a default "extra" that will get installed if no other choice is made.

Right now, wheels are identified by a set of platform identifiers that do not include all of the different possibilities. In particular, packages can be built and optimized for specialized hardware, such as GPUs, FPGAs, CPU micro-architectures, specialized instruction sets (e.g. AVX512), and so on, but there is no mechanism to select wheels based on that criteria. Without fine-grained selection, "what you end up having is the lowest common denominator, which is optimized for nobody", Dekhtiar said.

The problem has been "solved" for some projects by having a web-site selector that allows users to choose the right package, but it forces them to read the documentation and set up a different index for getting their packages. "This is awesome, because it allows us to do what we need", but "we are a little bit sad that this is the best answer we have today and we wish we could do better".

Since the talk was 30 minutes in length, he said, they could not cover the entirety of WheelNext, but he wanted to quickly go through some of the PEPs that have been discussed along the way. He started with the (withdrawn) PEP 759 ("External Wheel Hosting"); it is a proposed solution for the problems with multiple repositories (indexes) for Python artifacts. PEP 771 ("Default Extras for Python Software") is meant to address the need for specifying default backends as he had described earlier. He said that PEP 777 ("How to Re-invent the Wheel") was meant to help ensure that the wheel format evolves in ways that would not require backward-incompatible changes in the future. PEP 778 ("Supporting Symlinks in Wheels"), which was recently deferred, is challenging because not all filesystems support symbolic links, but there is a need to share libraries as he mentioned earlier. The build isolation passthrough PEP does not have a number, but it is meant to help in building Python extensions based on experimental or development versions of packages on the local machine.

Governance

With that, Warsaw stepped up to talk about packaging governance and PEP 772 ("Packaging Council governance process") in particular. Over the years, in the Python community, "there's been as little bureaucracy as we could possibly get away with and more of a grassroots movement for handling things". As it becomes clear "that we need some more formalism, we figure out how to do that"; the creation of the Python steering council is a good example of how that works.

The community has recognized a need for some more formalism in packaging governance recently. There are essentially two developers who each "have a vertical slice of the packaging ecosystem and they have standing delegations from the Python steering council" to decide on packaging PEPs, Warsaw, who is a member of the steering council, said. There are concerns about the "bus factor", but having people in that situation "also means that there is a lot of burden on that one person to do everything and make sure that they get it right" for their slice.

So the PEP is an effort to bring the steering-council model ("which is mostly successful") to the packaging community. The idea is that the steering council can delegate packaging decisions to a council that is elected by the large community of packaging stakeholders. Those who are familiar with the workings of the steering council will find the election of the packaging council and its operation to be similar. There are some differences, due to the nature of the packaging community; currently the main effort is to define the voting community that will vote on the five members of the packaging council. His hope was that the PEP could go to the steering council for a vote soon and that the packaging council could get started sometime this year; an updated version of the PEP was announced shortly after PyCon.

More PEP

Dekhtiar returned to the podium to talk about more WheelNext initiatives; PEP 766 ("Explicit Priority Choices Among Multiple Indexes") was up first. As he had said, the pip interface for using multiple indexes is cumbersome; it would be better if users could specify "PyTorch comes from here, NumPy comes from there, and the CUDA wheels come from there". The interface needs work, but there is also a need to protect against security problems when the installers are choosing packages based on their origin and version numbers. PEP 766 is more meant "to define the vocabulary, the wording, than actually behavior"; the intent is to have common language for the installers to use when describing their resolution behavior with respect to multiple indexes.

Sharing binary files, like OpenBLAS, between wheels or with system-installed libraries (if they are present) is difficult; "there is no safe way to do that that is common and standardized across the ecosystem". The WheelNext participants want to find a solution for a native library loader that is a kind of "best practice" approach to the problem, which can be shared throughout the community. He likened it to importlib, but one "that's specific around loading binaries". There is a saying in the WheelNext community, he said, "'good enough is better than nothing at all' and right now we have nothing at all" for handling shared libraries.

Wheel variants is another potential PEP. Dekhtiar said that he wanted to share the dream that WheelNext participants have about the next iteration of the wheel format. Today, the platform that is associated with a wheel includes the Python ABI version (e.g. 3.12, 3.13, or 3.13 free-threaded), the operating system, the C library (e.g. manylinux for the GNU C library), and the CPU architecture. Those are encoded into the name of the wheel file. Those tags are not sufficient to describe all of the platforms in use, but "constantly adding tags to better describe your platform is not a scalable practice". There are different GPUs, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and, some day, quantum-computing devices; even if the community wanted to fully describe today's systems, "we don't have the language to be able to do that".

Instead, the idea of wheel variants is to have the installer determine what the local system has installed, then use that information to choose the right wheel. For example, for JAX and PyTorch, the installer could determine which version of CUDA is installed, what kind of Tensor Processing Unit (TPU) there is, and which instructions are supported by the CPU, then it can "pick the best". He went through some scenarios using a prototype pip that would download vendor plugins to detect various aspects of the environment (CPU micro-architecture or CUDA version, for example). From a combination of the package metadata and the running system, it would determine which wheels to request for installation. At the time of the talk, the prototype worked with a subset of packages and just pip as an installer, but the hope is to get it working with others in order to collect more feedback.

Conclusion

Warsaw finished the presentation with a "call to action", inviting people to get involved with WheelNext and to bring their use cases. The project has various ways to participate and is actively seeking feedback and contributions. For interested readers, the YouTube video of the talk is also available.

[Thanks to the Linux Foundation for its travel sponsorship that allowed me to travel to Pittsburgh for PyCon US.]

Comments (43 posted)

Kernel API specification and validation

The kernel project makes a strong promise to its users: the kernel ABI will not be changed in ways that break user-space code. The occasional failure notwithstanding, kernel developers do try to live up to that promise. They are handicapped by one little problem, though: there is no description of what the kernel ABI is, and no comprehensive way to test whether a given change breaks it. The kernel API specification framework proposed (in its second revision) by Sasha Levin addresses some of those concerns, but the solution is incomplete and does not come for free.

(Note that Levin uses the term "API" rather than "ABI" throughout this work; that term will be used from here on as well.)

The kernel interface is complex. It includes hundreds of system calls, many of which have complex parameters and behavior; all of that must be completely described if a specification is to be complete. There are other aspects to the API as well, though, including files in /proc or /sys, memory-mapped regions created by the perf-events subsystem or io_uring, and the set of operations available for any given type of file descriptor. Even more complexity comes with the interfaces available to BPF programs or loadable kernel modules, though those are not covered by the kernel's API guarantee. Levin's patch set does not cover all of those areas, but it makes a good start.

Specifying system calls

Much of the framework, as posted, is focused on defining system calls. The actual specification for any given system call is formatted as a long set of macro calls within the source file for the system call itself. Consider, for example, the specification for the (relatively simple) mlockall() system call; it contains a large amount of text in a block like this:

    DEFINE_KERNEL_API_SPEC(sys_mlockall)
	KAPI_DESCRIPTION("Lock all process pages in memory")
	KAPI_LONG_DESC("Locks all pages mapped into the process address space. "
		       "MCL_CURRENT locks current pages, MCL_FUTURE locks future mappings, "
		       "MCL_ONFAULT defers locking until page fault.")
	/* ... lots more ... */
    KAPI_END_SPEC;

The DEFINE_KERNEL_API_SPEC() call begins the definition of a structure of type kernel_api_spec; KAPI_END_SPEC, defined simply as "};", ends that structure. The macro calls in between fill in the fields of that structure in various ways. KAPI_DESCRIPTION() for example, is defined simply as:

    #define KAPI_DESCRIPTION(desc) \
	.description = desc,

There is only one parameter to mlockall() — a flags value. It is specified as:

    KAPI_PARAM(0, "flags", "int", "Flags controlling which pages to lock")
		KAPI_PARAM_FLAGS(KAPI_PARAM_IN)
		KAPI_PARAM_TYPE(KAPI_TYPE_INT)
		KAPI_PARAM_CONSTRAINT_TYPE(KAPI_CONSTRAINT_MASK)
		.valid_mask = MCL_CURRENT | MCL_FUTURE | MCL_ONFAULT,
		KAPI_PARAM_CONSTRAINT("Must specify MCL_CURRENT and/or" \
				MCL_FUTURE; MCL_ONFAULT can be OR'd")
    KAPI_PARAM_END

KAPI_PARAM() begins the initialization of a kapi_param_spec structure nested within the kernel_api_spec structure. Here, that declaration says that the first parameter (number 0) is an int value called flags; it is an input parameter to the system call. There are three valid flag bits, which are stored directly in valid_mask without a special macro call. An extra constraint on those values (at least one of MCL_CURRENT and MCL_FUTURE must be set) is just provided as text; there is not a way to specify that sort of constraint in the current system.

That is a fair amount of upper-case text, but this specification is just beginning. It also contains declarations describing the return value and the error codes that the system call can return. Other declarations describe how the system call responds to various signals. There are six blocks of declarations describing the system call's side effects, and five for "state transitions". The internal kernel locks used by the system call are described. There is a declaration block for the capabilities required by mlockall(), one for examples, and three additional constraints. All told, the specification for mlockall() is just over 180 lines.

The specification for socket() is, as one might expect, rather longer.

Sysfs and more

The second version of the patch set added the ability to specify the behavior of sysfs attributes as well. A simple example from the block layer looks like this:

    DEFINE_SYSFS_API_SPEC(partscan)
	KAPI_DESCRIPTION("Partition scanning status")
	KAPI_LONG_DESC("Reports if partition scanning is enabled for the disk. "
		       "Returns '1' if partition scanning is enabled, or '0' if not.")
	KAPI_PARAM_COUNT(1)
	KAPI_PARAM(0, "partscan", "bool", "Partition scanning enabled flag")
		KAPI_PARAM_TYPE(KAPI_TYPE_BOOL)
		KAPI_PERMISSIONS(0444)
		KAPI_PATH("/sys/block/<disk>/partscan")
		KAPI_PARAM_FLAGS(KAPI_PARAM_SYSFS_READONLY)
	KAPI_PARAM_END
	KAPI_SUBSYSTEM("block")
	KAPI_EXAMPLES("cat /sys/block/sda/partscan")
	KAPI_NOTES("The value type is a 32-bit unsigned integer, "\
		   "but only '0' and '1' are valid values")
    KAPI_END_SPEC;

There is less that can be specified with regard to a sysfs value, so these descriptions tend to be somewhat shorter.

As is almost always the case, ioctl() is special, since every ioctl() call is different. There is a set of macros for the specification of these calls; see the specification for the fwctl subsystem for an example. There is also a format for the specification of internal kernel functions.

Then what?

The ability to precisely describe a kernel interface has value in its own right; it forms a sort of documentation (there is no integration with the kernel's existing documentation system, though that is evidently on the list for future work). But documentation alone seems unlikely to be enough to inspire kernel developers to write and maintain that much additional text, or even to accept it into their code if somebody else does it. The real value comes from what can be done with all of this specification data once it has been created.

If the kernel is configured for it, all of the specification data will be built into the kernel image. That adds up to 4KB of memory for each API specification, with the result that a fully specified kernel may contain several megabytes of added data. So this is probably not an option to enable in production kernels, but all of that data can be useful in development and testing scenarios.

The specification data is made available under debugfs; a simple cat command can thus be used to extract a human-readable rendering of any given specification; JSON and XML renderings are available as well. There are special all.json and all.xml debugfs files that can be used to extract the entire set of specification data in JSON or XML format.

Kernels with this data built in can be set up to validate system calls (and internal functions) against their specifications. Most of this validation, at the moment, consists of ensuring that the parameters passed into the function comply with the specification; they are thus, in a sense, validating the caller, not the function itself. There is also checking of a function's return value, with the ability to fail a system call entirely if it returns something unexpected. There are functions to validate the lock specification and signal handling, but they are stubs in the current implementation. Developers can also supply custom validation functions for a specific function.

Finally, there is a new tool called kapi, written (mostly automatically) in Rust, that can be used to obtain specification data. It is able to read that data from the source directly, from a built kernel image, or from debugfs. The output is available as plain text, JSON, or ReStructuredText. Among other things, kapi can be used to check for API differences between two different kernels.

One of the key goals of this series is to enable the automatic detection of API-breaking changes. In its current state, though, it appears that it will mostly detect changes where the developer was diligent enough to update the specification to reflect a change elsewhere, in which case the break is already known to that developer. The validation can catch some changes, but will surely miss many others.

It is necessary to start somewhere, though. In time, if this framework shows enough potential, it could perhaps grow into something that can cover much of the kernel API and ensure its consistency. Future plans include integration with static analysis to verify the API specification, integration with fuzzing tools for smarter testing, and low-overhead run-time validation that can be enabled in production kernels. But, to get there, Levin will have to convince the development community that the existing framework provides enough value to justify the addition and maintenance of thousands of lines of specification data. That conversation is just beginning.

Comments (13 posted)

Toward the unification of kselftests and KUnit

The kernel project, for many years, lacked a formal testing setup; it was often joked that testing was the project's main reason for keeping users around. While many types of kernel testing can only be done in the presence of specific hardware, there are other parts of the kernel that could be more widely tested. Over time, though, the kernel has gained two separate testing frameworks and a growing body of automated tests to go with them. These two frameworks — kselftests and KUnit — take different approaches to the testing problem; now this patch series from Thomas Weißschuh aims to bring them together.

Kselftests and KUnit

Kselftests was first added by Frederic Weisbecker in 2012, with the first test being focused on the handling of breakpoints on the x86 architecture. These self tests run in user space, exercising the normal kernel system-call interface. Over the years, kselftests has grown a test-harness structure based around the Test Anything Protocol (TAP) and a set of functions, macros, and makefile support for the creation of tests.

In current kernels, the kselftests directory has over 100 subdirectories, each containing tests for a specific subsystem. There are tests focused on system calls, architecture support, sysctl knobs, kernel behavior (such as the sealing of system mappings), /proc files, and a handful of device drivers, among other things. While this set of tests is not (and probably can never be) complete, a successful kselftests run is enough to give confidence that significant parts of the kernel are working as expected.

KUnit is a different beast; its tests are built as kernel modules and run within the kernel itself. That gives KUnit tests the ability to verify the operation of individual kernel functions that are not reachable from user space. KUnit tests can be loaded into a running kernel and run at any time; they can also be built into the kernel and run automatically at every boot. KUnit, too, provides a set of supporting functions to make tests easier; it is built around a version of TAP called KTAP.

KUnit was added in 2019 by Felix Guo. It, too, has accumulated a growing set of tests over the years; the DRM (graphics) subsystem has quite a few tests, and there is a significant set of tests covering the generic support routines found in the kernel's lib/ directory. See, for example, this set of hash-table tests.

The kernel's two test suites are aimed at different aspects of the testing problem, so it is not entirely surprising that they ended up with different designs. Kselftests pokes at the kernel from the outside, ensuring that its user-space ABI behaves as expected, while KUnit works on the inside, testing components that are not reachable from user space. This separation has allowed each test suite to grow within its targeted space, but it has also led to some occasional frustrations.

Perhaps the twain shall meet

Weißschuh's work appears to be driven by some specific needs felt by embedded developers. The KUnit tests are relatively easy to run on a new embedded system; they can be built into the kernel that is run on those systems, and require no extra support there. The kselftests tests, instead, need a fully working user space on the target system to run. Both that user space and the tests themselves must be loaded onto the target separately from the kernel, making the testing task harder in general.

The solution that Weißschuh is pursuing is to integrate the two test suites and, in particular, to make it possible to build the kselftests into the kernel and run them from the KUnit framework. A successful solution would allow a kernel and a full set of tests to be loaded onto a target system as a single binary, easing the process of getting the kernel into a fully working state on a new system. There are, naturally, a few obstacles that need to be overcome to get there.

Kselftests are designed to be run as standalone programs, not as functions within kernel modules like KUnit tests. Weißschuh's series continues to build those tests separately, but the resulting binaries are linked into the new kunit-uapi module, which then runs them in a separate kernel thread. This code is based on the user-mode-helper functionality that was first introduced as part of bpfilter, though a number of changes needed to be made.

A user-space program expects to have a C library available to it; that is part of the user-space setup that Weißschuh is trying to avoid having to do. Fortunately, since the 5.1 release, the kernel happens to have its own minimal C-library implementation in the form of nolibc. It is not a complete implementation, but it contains enough support to run much of the kselftest suite. The building of those tests, though, had to be modified to use nolibc rather than the system's C library.

The kunit-uapi module has to do the rest of the work of creating a sufficient environment for each kselftest, as well as actually running the tests. That requires access to functionality that the kernel does not currently export to modules — kernel functions like kernel_execve(), replace_fd(), create_pipe_files(), and do_exit(). The series includes a patch exporting those symbols, among others. The export is limited to the kunit-uapi module using the new EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL_FOR_MODULES() macro that was just added for 6.16; it is the current form of the restricted-namespace feature that was first proposed in 2024.

The newly exported functions are used to set up the standard input, output, and error streams for each test (the input is, for all practical purposes, set to /dev/null), mount /proc, run the test itself, and clean up afterward. The TAP output from the tests is passed back into the KUnit framework to be reported with the rest of the test results.

All of this work sets the stage for packaging the existing kselftests, but stops short of that goal. Instead, the only tests enabled at the end of the series are a simple example test and a test verifying the /proc mount. Bringing the existing tests in will require adding a bit of glue for each, causing it to be embedded in the loadable module and run at the right time. A more automated way of incorporating the tests is on the wishlist for the future, but does not exist now.

The incorporation of the actual tests may be waiting for a consensus on the surrounding framework. As of this writing, the series is in its fourth revision, and the most significant concerns would appear to have been addressed; the most recent comments are mostly focused on relatively small issues. Assuming that the biggest problems nearly been overcome, the core framework may find its way into the mainline relatively quickly; the job of integrating all of the actual tests will likely be next.

Comments (8 posted)

A tour of the niri scrolling-tiling Wayland compositor

Niri is a relatively new Rust-based compositor for Wayland with a different take on tiling window management: windows are placed onscreen in an "infinite" row that can expand beyond the bounds of the visible workspace. It is not a full-blown desktop environment, but niri may be a suitable option for Linux users who want tiling features and the minimalism of a window manager for Wayland.

Scrollable tiling

Floating window management is the norm for Linux desktop environments (as well as macOS and Windows), but tiling window management has been around for a long time, arguably as far back as Xerox Star systems in the early 1980s. There are plenty of window managers and compositors that offer tiling for Linux users: awesome, i3, ratpoison, and sway, to name just a few.

A bit more than 13 years ago, Jesse McClure announced a slightly different approach to tiling window management with the ScrollWM project. It provided a single large virtual desktop "through which one could scroll smoothly". Since then, there have been a number of other scrollable tiling implementations, including PaperWM, an extension that enables scrollable tiling of windows for GNOME, which LWN looked at in January.

Inspired by PaperWM, Ivan Molodetskikh started development on the niri compositor in 2023. According to the niri project's README, Molodetskikh liked PaperWM's model for window management, but he decided to write his own compositor to overcome limitations in PaperWM's ability to isolate workspaces to individual monitors. With niri, each display has its own, discrete workspace that does not overlap with others.

He jump-started niri development by using Smithay, a Rust-based project that is designed to speed up compositor development. It provides "objects and interfaces implementing common functionalities that pretty much any compositor will need, in a generic fashion". It seems to be a fairly popular starting point for Wayland compositor development and is used by several other projects, including the new COSMIC desktop environment, which we looked at in August 2024. Smithay is available under the MIT license, while niri is licensed under the GPLv3.

Getting niri

Niri is available in some, but not all, major Linux distributions. The getting started page lists distributions that do have niri, which includes recent versions of Alpine, Arch, Fedora, Gentoo, openSUSE Tumbleweed, and others. Currently, it is not available in any of the Debian repositories or for Ubuntu. Instructions for building niri from source are also provided, of course. Prospective users may want to take note of guidance for using niri with NVIDIA drivers or trying to run it on Arm systems, including Asahi Linux.

At the moment, the niri project is mostly a one-person show; it has had small contributions from more than 100 people, but only three developers have landed more than ten commits to the project, while Molodetskikh has more than 1,900 since August 2023. At the beginning of 2025, he declared that niri was now "sufficiently featureful to graduate from v0.1" and released version 25.01. The project now uses a "year.month" versioning scheme, but it has no set release schedule; new versions are released whenever he feels that it's a good time for a new version.

The most recent major release of niri is v25.05, announced on May 17. It brought a few major changes, including an overview feature that lets users see all open windows and workspaces, and features to black out specific windows when screencasting. A minor "hotfix" release, 25.05.1, was announced on May 25.

I installed niri 25.05.1 on a laptop with Intel graphics running Fedora 42 Workstation. This added niri as an option under the GNOME Display Manager (GDM), as well as configuring portals and systemd services for niri. It also installed and set up a few helper programs, such as fuzzel, mako, and Waybar, to provide additional functionality. Fuzzel is an application launcher for Wayland, mako implements the Freedesktop.org desktop notifications specification, and Waybar is a highly customizable panel application for Wayland similar to the GNOME and KDE Plasma panels. Users installing niri from source may want to read the example systemd setup documentation for guidance.

Users are on their own to pick and choose other applications that typically come with a desktop environment: a file manager, terminal emulator, media player, package management utility, image viewer, and the rest.

Using niri

The first thing a user will see when logging into niri is an "Important Hotkeys" dialog that lists a handful of the most commonly used movement and window-management keys. The dialog is dismissed as soon as the user presses a key, clicks a mouse button, or similar. It can be summoned again by using the Super+Shift+/ key combination. The Super key is usually the Windows key on modern PC keyboards; niri uses this as its standard modifier key (or Mod), though it can be changed to another modifier key if necessary.

Niri's default configuration also launches the Waybar panel. It has its own configuration, ~/waybar/config.jsonc on Fedora, to define its size, position, and the modules it displays, as well as how they operate.

Waybar has a ton of modules to add functionality, and many options that users can configure. The project has several examples of configuring Waybar to mimic the macOS panel and Dock, the Windows 10 menu, and some extremely minimal configurations. In the interest of not being lost down a customization rabbit hole, so far I have avoided making more than a few light changes to Waybar—with one exception.

Generally, I would expect a desktop panel to have a menu for suspending, rebooting, or powering off a system—but that was not available by default with Waybar on Fedora, so I added one to the config.jsonrc. This requires two changes to that configuration file—adding a custom module and then placing the module on the Waybar. The module definition looks like this:

   "custom/power": {
        "format" : " ⏻ ",
                "tooltip": true,
                "menu": "on-click",
                "menu-file": "$HOME/waybar/power_menu.xml", 
                "menu-actions": {
                        "shutdown": "shutdown",
                        "reboot": "reboot",
                        "suspend": "systemctl suspend",
                        "hibernate": "systemctl hibernate"
                }

A sample power_menu.xml configuration is available on GitHub.

Waybar modules can be placed on the right, left, or in the center of the panel. I added the power button to the left-hand side of the panel, like so:

  "modules-left": [
        "custom/power"
    ],

Note that Waybar does not automatically pick up changes to its configuration, so it will need to be restarted before any modifications are available.

Like most tiling window managers, niri is meant to be keyboard-driven; all of the operations to move and resize windows can be performed without the mouse. However, it is not as rigid as some (like ratpoison) that only allow users to manipulate windows with the keyboard—it is possible to move windows around and resize them with the mouse if that's more comfortable.

Assuming that the fuzzel application launcher is installed with niri, Super+D will bring up its dialog to launch applications. It will display a list of possible options, such as Firefox, which can be selected using the arrow key, or one can start typing a program name and fuzzel will attempt to find matching programs.

Once a program is launched, niri will place its window in a column on the display at a preset width and height. The default height is 100% of the display, and the widths are one-third, one-half, and two-thirds of the display's width. Users can toggle a window's width with Super+R; this will cycle the window through the available preset widths. Shift+Super+R will cycle through the available presets for height, either 100% or 50% of the display by default.

Each new window will be placed to the right of the window that currently has focus. If there are more windows than space on the display's workspace, niri will "scroll" older windows off the screen to the left. Niri also has dynamic workspaces for each display, which are arranged vertically. It has keybindings to move the focus to different windows, move windows between workspaces and displays, and so forth. For example, Super+H will select the window to the left of the active window, Super+Ctrl plus the arrow keys will move the window left or right, respectively, and Super+C will center the active window on the display and adjust the rest of the windows accordingly.

Users can perform window management with a mouse or touchpad as well, so niri is suitable for people who prefer that method, too.

Advanced window placement

There are times when one might want to have a floating window that shows on top of the tiled windows; Super+V will pop a window out of the tiling layer and display it above the rest of the windows. Hitting Super+V again will return a window to the tiling layer. Niri does this automatically for things like dialog boxes, file choosers, and other child windows.

Windows can be added to a tab group as well. This will group multiple windows together in one column with a tab interface to select between them, much like tabs in a web browser window.

It is possible to tell niri that an application's windows should always be opened in floating mode, and more. The window rules documentation has a full list of examples on setting window parameters, including size, decorations, even their opacity. It is also possible to set up what niri calls named workspaces; these are workspaces that are always created, even if they have no active windows. One benefit of that feature is that niri can be configured to always place certain application windows in a named workspace, so all windows of a certain type are grouped on one workspace of their own. This could be useful to, say, have all browser windows on one workspace, or all terminal windows.

The Super+O binding will invoke niri's new overview feature to see, as well as navigate between, all open windows and workspaces using arrow keys (or mouse or touchpad). The figure below shows part of niri's overview—unfortunately, its built-in screen capture utility does not have a mode that can capture the full overview across multiple displays.

Unlike desktop environments, niri does not have automatic power-saving features, nor does it lock the screen after a period of inactivity. I'd become accustomed to GNOME doing those things by default. On Fedora, swaylock is installed by default with niri for screen locking. The Mod+Shift+P shortcut will turn off displays; any key press will wake them up again. To exit niri, use Super+Shift+E and then press Enter when the confirmation dialog is displayed.

Configuring niri

Niri also lacks a graphical configuration application. Any settings changes need to be made by editing the plain-text configuration file, which uses the KDL format. It would probably be possible to use niri "out of the box" on Fedora without any additional configuration, but most people will want to tweak its settings at least a little bit.

By default, niri uses a system-wide configuration; there is no user configuration file set up. To get a starter configuration file, copy the /usr/share/doc/niri/default-config.kdl file included with niri to ~/.config/niri/config.kdl. The default-config.kdl file has many of the possible configuration options sorted by sections, such as input, output, and binds, with useful comments.

Changes to the configuration generally take effect as soon as the configuration file is written. For example, niri's initial setup uses the Mod+T key binding to launch the Alacritty terminal. If a user wanted to change that to, say, Ghostty, the configuration would look like this:

    Mod+T hotkey-overlay-title="Open Ghostty" { spawn "ghostty"; }

The first field sets the key binding, Mod+T. The second, "hotkey-overlay-title", sets the title that is displayed in the "Important Hotkeys" dialog. The third, "{ spawn "ghostty"; }", specifies the command that should be run. Users are not limited to the keyboard when setting up bindings for niri; it also supports mouse clicks, mouse scroll-wheel actions, and touchpad actions. For instance, one can set a combination of Mod plus the mouse scroll wheel to move up or down between workspaces:

    binds {
    
    Mod+WheelScrollDown { focus-workspace-down; }
    Mod+WheelScrollUp { focus-workspace-up; }
    
    }

Multi-display setups

The documentation on the niri wiki is excellent overall; the only real gap that I've noticed is for multi-display setups. They are covered, but more examples would be beneficial. Niri will automatically detect and attempt to configure multiple monitors properly without the user needing to tweak the configuration. In my experience, it does fine at setting the proper resolution for displays, but it's still necessary to adjust the configuration for placement since niri has no way to know how the monitors are arranged physically.

Niri does handle multi-display setups with varying resolutions, rotations, and scaling well. It just takes some trial-and-error to get it right if one has a complicated setup. For example, I tested niri with a three-display configuration that included a laptop screen, high-resolution widescreen, and a smaller HD monitor turned sideways.

The project has a useful command ("niri msg outputs") to help with this. It displays the name of each display it detects, as well as information such as each one's available resolutions and refresh rates.

Xwayland

Out of the box, niri does not support X11 applications or Xwayland. Though Xwayland is a Wayland client, it requires special support from a Wayland compositor—work that Molodetskikh does not plan to do because, in his words, "X11 is very cursed". Niri can, however, work with xwayland-satellite, which implements rootless Xwayland as a separate application, to run X11 applications. Right now, xwayland-satellite has to be configured separately, but it is expected to be integrated with the next major release of niri. For now, it can be enabled by adding a few lines to config.kdl. The first is the option to start the application when niri starts:

    spawn-at-startup "xwayland-satellite"

It will also need an environment variable to set the display for xwayland-satellite:

    environment {
            DISPLAY ":0"
    }

So far, I have only tried a few X11 applications with xwayland-satellite, but it seems to do the job.

Pure imagination

Niri allows some fairly elaborate setups; the primary limitation on what one can do with niri is probably the person's imagination and the time they are willing to spend tweaking its configuration. It is pretty much the opposite of GNOME—niri is aimed at more advanced users, and it is meant for users to dig into the configuration and tweak things to their heart's content. There is a showcase page on GitHub where users have uploaded screenshots and linked to configuration files for their niri setups, which might be a good starting point for anyone looking for ideas or examples.

Users do not have to spend a great deal of time configuring niri, however; it took about two days before I was perfectly happy with my configuration. It did not require a lot of work to become productive with niri, just a bit of quality time with its documentation and a text editor.

As it stands right now, I will probably stick with niri. It seems stable, well-maintained, and the customization possibilities are almost endless. The scrollable-tiling model is, at least for my purposes, the ideal way to manage windows on large and small screens. It is easy to navigate and helps keep my hands on the keyboard where they belong.

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Python audio processing with pedalboard

The pedalboard library for Python is aimed at audio processing of various sorts, from converting between formats to adding audio effects. The maintainer of pedalboard, Peter Sobot, gave a talk about audio in Python at PyCon US 2025, which was held in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in May. He started from the basics of digital audio and then moved into working with pedalboard. There were, as might be guessed, audio examples in the talk, along with some visual information; interested readers may want to view the YouTube video of the presentation.

Sobot works for Spotify as a machine-learning engineer in its audio intelligence lab, so he works on a team using machine-learning models to analyze music. The company has various open APIs that can be used to analyze audio tracks, but it has also released code as open-source software; pedalboard is available under the GPLv3. It has also released open models, such as Basic Pitch, which turns audio data into Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) files; the model can be used on the web or incorporated into other tools, he said.

He noted that he had created a demo for the talk that attendees could try out during his presentation; it used Python and pedalboard in the browser (by way of Pyodide and WebAssembly) to allow users to create audio. "If somebody were to make sound during my talk because they're playing with this REPL, I would be overjoyed." He got his wish a little over halfway into his 30-minute talk.

Digital audio

To understand how digital audio works, you need to understand how sound works, Sobot said. "Sound is really just pressure moving through the air"; his voice is moving the air in front of his mouth, which the microphone picks up and sends to the speakers, which create pressure waves by moving the air there. As with anything physical that can be stored into a computer, the way to get sound into the machine is to measure it.

He showed a simple graph with time as the x-axis and pressure on the y-axis; he then played a short saxophone clip, with each note showing up as a dot on the graph. The ten or so dots obviously corresponded to the notes in some fashion, but it was not entirely clear how, in part because each measurement was only taken every 0.4 seconds. A sample rate of one sample per 0.4 seconds is 2.5Hz. Sample rate is important for digital audio; "the faster that you sample, the higher quality audio that you get". It is not just quality, though, higher sampling rate means that more details, especially high-frequency details, are captured.

Looking a little more closely at the graph, he pointed out that silence (0.0) is not at the bottom of the y-axis as might be inferred, but is in the middle; some of the points measured are above that line, some below, because the pressure is a wave that is moving back and forth, he said. The maximum loudness (+/- 1.0) is both at the bottom and the top of the y-axis; our ears do not distinguish between waves moving toward or away from us, he said, but the measurements do. Each of the points on the graph has a pressure value that can be turned into a number, such as 60% amplitude (or 0.60) or 90% amplitude in a negative direction (-0.90).

If you wanted to reproduce that audio clip, though, you would need much higher-fidelity sampling, so he showed the graph that results from sampling at a standard digital-audio rate of 44,100Hz. That graph (or waveform) has so many points that you cannot distinguish individual measurements anymore, though you can still see where the original points came from.

He zoomed the graph in to see it at millisecond scale, which consisted of around ten close-to-identical waves. Measuring the waves from peak to peak showed that the period was 5.7142ms—the reciprocal of that is 174.61Hz, which can be looked up in a table of note frequencies to show that it is an F (specifically F₃).

Looking at the microsecond scale allows seeing the individual measurements that were made by the analog-to-digital converter when the audio was digitized. That can be looked at as a string of numbers, such as -0.003, 0.018, 0.128, and so on. That is all that digital audio is, Sobot said; it is just a stream of numbers coupled with a sample rate, which is enough information to reproduce the original sound.

In order to store that information on disk, it could written out as, say, 64-bit floating-point numbers, but that takes a lot of space: roughly 21MB per minute per channel. That is not really workable for streaming audio over the network or for storing a music collection. "So, instead, very smart people came up with compression algorithms", such as MP3 or Ogg Vorbis, which can reduce that size for a channel to around 1MB per minute. The algorithms do that "by throwing away parts of the audio that we can't really hear" because the frequency is outside of our hearing or the sound is covered up by other parts of the audio.

Audio in Python

But these compressed floating-point representations no longer correspond to the original data; in order to work with them, there will be a need to convert them using a library of some sort. Since Python is a "batteries included" language, there should be something in the standard library to work with audio data, he said. The wave module is available, but it provides a pretty low-level API. He showed how it can be used to retrieve the floating-point values, "but it's kind of a pain", so he would not recommend that approach.

Instead, he showed the pedalboard interface, which is much more natural to use. From his slides (which do not appear to be online):

    from pedalboard.io import AudioFile

    with AudioFile("my_favourite_song.mp3") as f:
        f.samplerate    # => 44100
        f.num_channels  # => 2
        f.read(3)       # => array of shape (2, 3)
        # array([
        #    [ 0.01089478, 0.00302124, 0.00738525],
        #    [ ... ]
        # ])

The read() function returns a NumPy N-dimensional array (ndarray) with two rows (one for each channel) each having three sample values (as requested by the read(3)). The first row in the array is the left channel and the other is the right. He then showed ways to use array slices to select various portions of the audio:

    with AudioFile("my_favourite_song.mp3") as f:
        audio = f.read(f.frames)  # => shape (2, 1_323_000)
        audio[1]  # right channel ...
        audio[:, :100]  # first 100 samples, stereo
        audio[:, :f.samplerate * 10]  # first 10 seconds
        audio[:, -(f.samplerate * 10):]  # last 10 seconds

In addition, the file does not have to all be read into memory like it is above, the seek() function can be used with read() to extract arbitrary sections of the audio data.

He displayed a small program to add a delay (or echo) effect to the audio, by simply doing math on the sample values and plugging them back into the array:

    ...
    mono = audio[0]  # one channel
    delay_seconds = 0.2  # 1/5 of a second
    delay_samples = int(f.samplerate * delay_seconds)
    volume = 0.75  # 75% of original volume
    for i in range(len(mono) - delay_samples):
        mono[i + delay_samples] += mono[i] * volume

He played a short clip of a major scale on the piano, both before and after the effect, which was easily noticeable both audibly and in the graphs of the waveforms that he also displayed. That showed the kinds of effects that a few lines of Python code can create. His next example added some distortion (using the math.tanh() hyperbolic tangent function) to a short guitar riff—once again with just a few lines of Python.

Audio problems

There are some pitfalls to working with audio and working with it in Python that he wanted to talk about. He gave an example of a program to increase the volume of an audio file, perhaps as a web service, by reading in all of the samples, then multiplying them by two ("don't do this"). The resulting file can be written out using pedalboard in much the same way:

    with AudioFile("out.mp3", "w", f.samplerate) as o:
        o.write(louder_audio)

That program might work for a while, making users happy, until one day when it takes the whole server down by crashing the Python process. The problem, as might be guessed, comes from reading the entire audio file into memory.

He tested his favorite song, which is 3m22s in length, takes up 5MB on disk, which corresponds to 68MB once it is uncompressed into memory. That is around 14x compression, which is pretty good, he said, but maybe another user uploads a podcast MP3. That file is 60m in length, but podcasts compress well, so it is only 28.8MB on disk—uncompressed, however, it is 1.2GB, for 42x compression. That still would probably not be enough to crash the machine, however. When someone uploads "whoops_all_silence.ogg", which is 12 hours of silence ("just zeroes") that only takes up 3.9MB on disk because Ogg has good compression, it turns into 14.2GB in memory (7,772x compression) and crashes the system.

The important thing to remember, Sobot said, is that the input size does not necessarily predict the output size, so you should always treat the files as if they could have any length. Luckily, that's easy to do in Python. He showed some code to open both the input and output file at the same time and to process the input file in bounded chunks of frames. That way, the program never reads more than a fixed amount at a time, so the code scales to any file size. If there is only one takeaway from his talk, he suggested that attendees should always "think of audio as a stream" that can (and sometimes does) go on forever.

Another thing to keep in mind is the processing speed of Python, he said. For example, the loop in his distortion example takes eight seconds per minute of audio, which is not bad; that is a 7.5x speedup so it could still easily be done in realtime. But, switching the loop to use the NumPy version of tanh() makes it run in 23ms per minute of audio (a 2541x speedup). That means using NumPy, which does the looping and calculating in C, is 338x faster than using a regular Python loop; "for audio, pure Python is slow".

pedalboard

He asked how many of the attendees played electric guitar or bass and was pleased to see a lot of them; those folks already know what a pedalboard (in the real world) is. For the rest, pedalboards provide various kinds of effects on the output of a guitar, with configuration settings to change the type and intensity of the effect. pedalboard the library is meant to be a pedalboard in Python.

He showed some effects from pedalboard, including using the pedalboard.Reverb class for easily adding "reverb" (i.e. reverberations) to an audio file. It is rare that only a single effect is desired, he said, so pedalboard makes it easy to put them together:

    board = Pedalboard([
        Distortion(gain_db=25),
        Delay(delay_seconds=0.6, feedback=0.5, mix=0.5),
        Reverb(room_size=0.75),
    ])
    effected = board(audio, f.samplerate)

Checking out the video at 23:49 will demonstrate these effects nicely.

pedalboard "ships with a ton of plugins" for effects, Sobot said. But users often have plugins from third parties that they want to use; pedalboard can do that too. The pedalboard.load_plugin() function can be used to access Virtual Studio Technology (VST3) plugins (as a pedalboard.VST3Plugin class). Those plugins can be configured in Python or by using the user interface of the plugin itself with the show_editor() method. VST3 instruments are supported as well.

Advanced pedalboard

In the waning minutes of the talk, Sobot did a bit of a whirlwind tour through some advanced pedalboard features. For example, audio files can be resampled "in constant time, with constant memory", easily, and on the fly:

    with AudioFile("some_file.flac").resampled_to(22050) as f:
        ...

The pedalboard.time_stretch() function can change the length of an audio file. The AudioFile.encode() function will convert to different formats, such as MP3, FLAC, and Ogg; the AudioFile interface can be used to write a file in a different format as well. The AudioStream class can be used to send or receive live audio streams (e.g. to speakers or from a microphone)—or both while doing some kind of effect in realtime. But, wait, there's more ...

In the Q&A, an attendee asked about hardware requirements for working with audio using pedalboard. Sobot said that the requirements were modest, since the code is mostly running in C and C++ that has been optimized over the last 30 years or so; people are using Raspberry Pi devices successfully, for example. Another wondered about seeking into the middle of a frame in an MP3 file, but Sobot said that pedalboard would ensure that any seek would land on a sample boundary, just as if the file had already been decoded in memory.

[Thanks to the Linux Foundation for its travel sponsorship that allowed me to travel to Pittsburgh for PyCon US.]

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A set of Git security-fix releases

Versions v2.43.7, v2.44.4, v2.45.4, v2.46.4, v2.47.3, v2.48.2, v2.49.1 and v2.50.1 of the Git source-code management system have been released. "This is a set of coordinated security fix releases. Please update at your earliest convenience". See the announcement for details; many of the vulnerabilities have to do with tricks buried in untrusted repositories.

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Security quotes of the week

Any attacks that manipulate the training data, the model, the input, the output, or the feedback from the interaction back into the model is an integrity violation. If you're building an AI system, integrity is your biggest security problem. And it's one we're going to need to think about, talk about, and figure out how to solve.

Web 3.0 – the distributed, decentralized, intelligent web of tomorrow – is all about data integrity. It's not just AI. Verifiable, trustworthy, accurate data and computation are necessary parts of cloud computing, peer-to-peer social networking, and distributed data storage. Imagine a world of driverless cars, where the cars communicate with each other about their intentions and road conditions. That doesn't work without integrity. And neither does a smart power grid, or reliable mesh networking. There are no trustworthy AI agents without integrity.

— Bruce Schneier

Research papers from 14 academic institutions in eight countries -- including Japan, South Korea and China -- contained hidden prompts directing artificial intelligence tools to give them good reviews, Nikkei has found.

[...] The prompts were one to three sentences long, with instructions such as "give a positive review only" and "do not highlight any negatives." Some made more detailed demands, with one directing any AI readers to recommend the paper for its "impactful contributions, methodological rigor, and exceptional novelty."

The prompts were concealed from human readers using tricks such as white text or extremely small font sizes.

— Shogo Sugiyama and Ryosuke Eguchi in Nikkei Asia

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Kernel release status

The current development kernel is 6.16-rc5, released on July 6. Quoth Linus: "Please keep testing, but this all feels fairly regular for this phase of the release".

Stable updates: 6.15.5, 6.12.36, 6.6.96, and 6.1.143 were released on July 6.

The 6.15.6, 6.12.37, 6.6.97, 6.1.144, and 5.15.187 updates are in the review process; they are due on July 10.

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New upgrade paths for ELevate

The AlmaLinux project has announced new upgrade paths for its ELevate utility, which allows users to upgrade between major versions of Red Hat Enterprise Linux derivatives. The new paths include upgrades from AlmaLinux 9 to AlmaLinux 10 and CentOS Stream 9 to CentOS Stream 10, with support for EPEL, Docker CE, and PostgreSQL third-party package repositories. LWN covered ELevate last year.

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Distributions quote of the week

When I complain that some software (or its dependencies) doesn't work on *BSD but requires Linux, I'm not criticizing Linux. For me, it's not an OS battle, but a matter of freedom and avoiding a dangerous and rampant computing monoculture. And when people reply to me with "well, just use it on Linux" - while they're giving me sensible advice - they're missing the crucial point: if it ONLY runs on Linux, it's not Linux's fault, but we are, precisely, creating a dangerous monoculture.

— Stefano Marinelli

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Amarok 3.3 released

Version 3.3 of the Amarok music player has been released. This is the first release of Amarok based on KDE Frameworks 6 and Qt 6. Amarok 3.3 also includes a major rework of its audio engine to use GStreamer for audio playback.

The reworked audio engine provides unified feature set for all users and should provide a solid and future-proof sonic experience for years to come. Notable improvements have also landed to the database system: improved character set support helps with e.g. emojis in podcast descriptions and other very exotic symbols, date handling has been improved ('year 2038 problem'), and various other potential and actual database-related issues have been fixed.

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Bash-5.3-release available

The GNU project's Bourne Again SHell (Bash) has released version 5.3, with some significant new features, including some from the associated Readline 8.3 release, which provides command-line editing and other features for Bash and lots of other programs. Bash 5.3 has a "new form of command substitution that executes the command in the current shell execution context", pathname-completion sorting will be handled based on the GLOBSORT shell variable, generated completions can go to a shell variable instead of to stdout, the source code has been updated to C23, and more. Meanwhile:

Readline has new features as well. There is a new option that allows case-insensitive searching, a new command that executes a named readline command, and a new command that exports possible word completions in a specified format for consumption by another process.

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Thunderbird 140 released

Version 140 of the Thunderbird mail client has been released. Notable features include "dark message mode" to adapt message content to dark mode, the ability to easily transfer desktop settings to the mobile Thunderbird client, experimental support for Microsoft Exchange, as well as global controls for message threading and sort order.

Thunderbird 140 is an extended-support release (ESR) which will be supported for 12 months. However, the Thunderbird project is trying to encourage users to adopt the Release channel for monthly updates instead. The project is staggering upgrades to 140 for existing Thunderbird users in order to catch any significant bugs before they are widely deployed, but users can upgrade manually via the Help > About menu. See the release notes for a full list of changes.

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Richards: Introducing tmux-rs

Collin Richards has announced version 0.0.1 of tmux-rs, a port of the tmux terminal multiplexer to Rust.

For the [past] 6 months or so I've been quietly porting tmux from C to Rust. I've recently reached a big milestone: the code base is now 100% (unsafe) Rust. I'd like to share the process of porting the original codebase from ~67,000 lines of C code to ~81,000 lines of Rust (excluding comments and empty lines). You might be asking: why did you rewrite tmux in Rust? And yeah, I don't really have a good reason. It's a hobby project. Like gardening, but with more segfaults.

Richards says that the next goal for the project is to convert it to safe Rust. It is currently "not very difficult to get it to crash", but he wanted to share the project with other Rust fans now. The project is available on GitHub.

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U-Boot v2025.07 released

The U-Boot universal bootloader project has announced the release of version 2025.07. It has multiple new features including "uthreads" (inspired by the "bthreads" coroutines in the barebox bootloader), exFAT support, new architecture and SoC support and improvements to existing platforms, cleanups, better testing, and more. Project leader Tom Rini took the opportunity to mention his efforts toward getting some help with the project and more formal governance:

As this is a full release, and not just a release candidate I'm hoping for a few more people to read this and then read what I'm linking to as well. For the overall health of the project, and the community, I'm hoping to find a few people within the community that can help with overall organization and management. I would like to long term be able to move us to being under the Software Freedom Conservancy umbrella and that in turn means having a organizational structure that's not just a single person.

He also noted that there is a community meeting on July 8th, 2025 at 9am (GMT -06:00) on Google Meet.

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Development quote of the week

The year is 2013 and I am hopping mad.

systemd is replacing my plaintext logs with a binary format and pumping steroids into init and it is laughing at me. The unix philosophy cries out: is this the end of Linux (or, as many are calling it, GNU plus Linux)?

The year is 2025 and I'm here to repent. Not only is systemd a worthy successor to traditional init, but I think that it deserves a defense for what it's done for the landscape – especially given the hostile reception it initially received (and somehow continues to receive? for some reason?). No software is perfect – except for TempleOS – but I think that systemd has largely been a success story and proven many dire forecasts wrong (including my own). I was wrong!

— Tyler Langlois

Comments (5 posted)

CFP Deadlines: July 10, 2025 to September 8, 2025

The following listing of CFP deadlines is taken from the LWN.net CFP Calendar.

Deadline	Event Dates	Event	Location
July 11	September 29 October 1	X.Org Developers Conference	Vienna, Austria
July 13	October 28 October 29	Cephalocon	Vancouver, Canada
July 15	November 15 November 16	Capitole du Libre 2025	Toulouse, France
July 31	September 26 September 28	Qubes OS Summit	Berlin, Germany
July 31	August 28	Yocto Project Developer Day 2025	Amsterdam, The Netherlands
August 3	September 27 September 28	Nextcloud Community Conference 2025	Berlin, Germany
August 3	October 3 October 4	Texas Linux Festival	Austin, US
August 4	December 8 December 10	Open Source Summit Japan	Tokyo, Japan
August 15	November 18 November 20	Open Source Monitoring Conference	Nuremberg, Germany
August 15	September 19 September 21	Datenspuren 2025	Dresden, Germany
August 31	September 26 September 28	GNU Tools Cauldron	Porto, Portugal
September 1	October 18 October 19	OpenFest 2025	Sofia, Bulgaria

If the CFP deadline for your event does not appear here, please tell us about it.

Events: July 10, 2025 to September 8, 2025

The following event listing is taken from the LWN.net Calendar.

Date(s)	Event	Location
July 14 July 20	DebConf 2025	Brest, France
July 16 July 18	EuroPython	Prague, Czech Republic
July 24 July 29	GUADEC 2025	Brescia, Italy
July 31 August 3	FOSSY	Portland OR, US
August 5	Open Source Summit India	Hyderabad, India
August 9 August 10	COSCUP 2025	Taipei City, Taiwan
August 14 August 16	Open Source Community Africa Open Source Festival	Lagos, Nigeria
August 15 August 17	Hackers On Planet Earth	New York, US
August 16 August 17	Free and Open Source Software Conference	Sankt Augustin, Germany
August 25 August 27	Open Source Summit Europe	Amsterdam, Netherlands
August 28	Yocto Project Developer Day 2025	Amsterdam, The Netherlands
August 28 August 29	Linux Security Summit Europe	Amsterdam, Netherlands
August 29 August 31	openSUSE.Asia Summit	Faridabad, India
August 30 August 31	UbuCon Asia 2025	Kathmandu, Nepal

If your event does not appear here, please tell us about it.

Alert summary July 3, 2025 to July 9, 2025

Dist.	ID	Release	Package	Date
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:8815	8	.NET 9.0	2025-07-04
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7600	9	.NET 9.0	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7094	9	aardvark-dns	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:9114	9	apache-commons-beanutils	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7160	9	bootc	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7459	10	buildah	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:9142	8	container-tools:rhel8	2025-07-04
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:10551	8	container-tools:rhel8	2025-07-09
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7478	10	corosync	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7201	9	corosync	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7466	10	delve and golang	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7457	10	exiv2	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7512	10	expat	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7506	10	firefox	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:8341	10	firefox	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:8421	8	ghostscript	2025-07-04
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7586	9	ghostscript	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7482	10	git	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:9060	8	git-lfs	2025-07-04
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7256	9	git-lfs	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:9106	9	git-lfs	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7076	9	gnutls	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7475	10	grafana	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:8682	9	grafana	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:8918	8	grafana-pcp	2025-07-04
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:8916	9	grafana-pcp	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:6990	9	grub2	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7178	9	gstreamer1, gstreamer1-plugins-bad-free, gstreamer1-plugins-ugly-free, and gstreamer1-rtsp-server	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7243	9	gstreamer1-plugins-base	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7242	9	gstreamer1-plugins-good	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7484	10	gvisor-tap-vsock	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7064	9	iptraf-ng	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7508	10	java-21-openjdk	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:10618	8	jq	2025-07-09
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:9896	10	kernel	2025-07-08
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:8333	9	kernel	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:9080	9	kernel	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:9302	9	kernel	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7313	9	keylime-agent-rust	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7067	9	krb5	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7510	10	libarchive	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:9327	9	libblockdev	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7505	10	libsoup3	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7077	9	libtasn1	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:9118	9	libvpx	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7496	10	libxslt	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7043	9	microcode_ctl	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7490	10	mod_auth_openidc	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:9396	9	mod_auth_openidc	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7502	10	nodejs22	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7426	9	nodejs:20	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7309	9	openjpeg2	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7118	9	osbuild and osbuild-composer	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:8427	8	pandoc	2025-07-04
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:8636	10	perl-FCGI	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:8696	8	perl-FCGI:0.78	2025-07-04
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7350	9	perl-Module-ScanDeps	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:9330	9	perl-YAML-LibYAML	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7489	10	php	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7432	9	php:8.2	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7418	9	php:8.3	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7462	10	podman	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:10550	9	podman	2025-07-09
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7138	9	protobuf	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7476	10	python-jinja2	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7049	9	python-requests	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:10407	9	python-setuptools	2025-07-08
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:10148	9	python3.11	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7109	9	python3.11	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:10140	10	python3.12	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:10189	9	python3.12	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7107	9	python3.12	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7317	9	python3.12-cryptography	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:6977	9	python3.9	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7147	9	rpm-ostree	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7050	9	rsync	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7539	8	ruby:2.5	2025-07-04
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:10217	8	ruby:3.3	2025-07-04
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7241	9	rust-bootupd	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7467	10	skopeo	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:10353	9	socat	2025-07-09
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:10195	10	thunderbird	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7507	10	thunderbird	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:10246	8	thunderbird	2025-07-08
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:10196	9	thunderbird	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:8607	9	thunderbird	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:9392	8	tigervnc	2025-07-04
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:9306	9	tigervnc	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7497	10	tomcat	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7494	10	tomcat9	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:8336	8	varnish:6	2025-07-04
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7995	9	webkit2gtk3	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7672	9	xdg-utils	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7163	9	xorg-x11-server	2025-07-03
AlmaLinux	ALSA-2025:7165	9	xorg-x11-server-Xwayland	2025-07-03
Debian	DSA-5960-1	stable	djvulibre	2025-07-07
Debian	DSA-5958-1	stable	jpeg-xl	2025-07-04
Debian	DSA-5957-1	stable	mediawiki	2025-07-03
Debian	DSA-5956-1	stable	ring	2025-07-03
Debian	DSA-5961-1	stable	slurm-wlm	2025-07-08
Debian	DSA-5959-1	stable	thunderbird	2025-07-06
Debian	DLA-4237-1	LTS	xmedcon	2025-07-06
Fedora	FEDORA-2025-b5b1634cd0	F41	darktable	2025-07-07
Fedora	FEDORA-2025-a2b4be7d9b	F42	darktable	2025-07-04
Fedora	FEDORA-2025-c597fcda32	F41	guacamole-server	2025-07-04
Fedora	FEDORA-2025-774aa2765e	F42	guacamole-server	2025-07-04
Fedora	FEDORA-2025-d3585d3323	F42	mbedtls	2025-07-06
Fedora	FEDORA-2025-be7e8114df	F41	mingw-gdk-pixbuf	2025-07-04
Fedora	FEDORA-2025-f759399b58	F42	mingw-gdk-pixbuf	2025-07-04
Fedora	FEDORA-2025-44c3b13554	F42	sudo	2025-07-07
Fedora	FEDORA-2025-d3dee9f37d	F41	yarnpkg	2025-07-05
Fedora	FEDORA-2025-96ff8c2897	F42	yarnpkg	2025-07-04
Gentoo	202507-07		Chromium, Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge. Opera	2025-07-08
Gentoo	202507-03		ClamAV	2025-07-08
Gentoo	202507-09		Git	2025-07-08
Gentoo	202507-05		NTP	2025-07-08
Gentoo	202507-08		REXML	2025-07-08
Gentoo	202507-04		strongSwan	2025-07-08
Mageia	MGASA-2025-0202	9	catdoc	2025-07-06
Mageia	MGASA-2025-0200	9	libarchive	2025-07-02
Mageia	MGASA-2025-0203	9	php	2025-07-06
Mageia	MGASA-2025-0201	9	rootcerts, nss & firefox	2025-07-03
Oracle	ELSA-2025-7601	OL10	.NET 9.0	2025-07-02
Oracle	ELSA-2025-8816	OL10	.NET 9.0	2025-07-02
Oracle	ELSA-2025-7459	OL10	buildah	2025-07-08
Oracle	ELSA-2025-7478	OL10	corosync	2025-07-02
Oracle	ELSA-2025-10073	OL10	firefox	2025-07-02
Oracle	ELSA-2025-10074	OL8	firefox	2025-07-02
Oracle	ELSA-2025-10072	OL9	firefox	2025-07-02
Oracle	ELSA-2025-9501	OL7	gimp	2025-07-03
Oracle	ELSA-2025-10635	OL10	gnome-remote-desktop	2025-07-09
Oracle	ELSA-2025-9189	OL7	ipa	2025-07-08
Oracle	ELSA-2025-10585	OL9	jq	2025-07-08
Oracle	ELSA-2025-9896	OL10	kernel	2025-07-03
Oracle	ELSA-2025-10371	OL10	kernel	2025-07-08
Oracle	ELSA-2025-7501	OL10	kernel	2025-07-08
Oracle	ELSA-2025-7956	OL10	kernel	2025-07-08
Oracle	ELSA-2025-8137	OL10	kernel	2025-07-08
Oracle	ELSA-2025-8374	OL10	kernel	2025-07-08
Oracle	ELSA-2025-8669	OL10	kernel	2025-07-08
Oracle	ELSA-2025-9079	OL10	kernel	2025-07-08
Oracle	ELSA-2025-9348	OL10	kernel	2025-07-08
Oracle	ELSA-2025-20406	OL7	kernel	2025-07-09
Oracle	ELSA-2025-20406	OL8	kernel	2025-07-09
Oracle	ELSA-2025-20406	OL8	kernel	2025-07-09
Oracle	ELSA-2025-20404	OL8	kernel	2025-07-09
Oracle	ELSA-2025-20404	OL9	kernel	2025-07-09
Oracle	ELSA-2025-20405	OL9	kernel	2025-07-09
Oracle	ELSA-2025-10379	OL9	kernel	2025-07-08
Oracle	ELSA-2025-9179	OL7	libsoup	2025-07-03
Oracle	ELSA-2025-7503	OL10	osbuild-composer	2025-07-02
Oracle	ELSA-2025-9623	OL10	osbuild-composer	2025-07-02
Oracle	ELSA-2025-10027	OL8	pam	2025-07-02
Oracle	ELSA-2025-10549	OL10	podman	2025-07-09
Oracle	ELSA-2025-10550	OL9	podman	2025-07-08
Oracle	ELSA-2025-10407	OL9	python-setuptools	2025-07-08
Oracle	ELSA-2025-8664	OL7	python-tornado	2025-07-03
Oracle	ELSA-2025-10128	OL8	python3	2025-07-02
Oracle	ELSA-2025-10026	OL8	python3.11	2025-07-02
Oracle	ELSA-2025-10148	OL9	python3.11	2025-07-02
Oracle	ELSA-2025-10140	OL10	python3.12	2025-07-03
Oracle	ELSA-2025-10031	OL8	python3.12	2025-07-02
Oracle	ELSA-2025-10189	OL9	python3.12	2025-07-02
Oracle	ELSA-2025-10136	OL9	python3.9	2025-07-02
Oracle	ELSA-2025-10217	OL8	ruby:3.3	2025-07-08
Oracle	ELSA-2025-7467	OL10	skopeo	2025-07-02
Oracle	ELSA-2025-10353	OL9	socat	2025-07-08
Oracle	ELSA-2025-10110	OL8	sudo	2025-07-02
Oracle	ELSA-2025-10195	OL10	thunderbird	2025-07-03
Oracle	ELSA-2025-10246	OL8	thunderbird	2025-07-03
Oracle	ELSA-2025-10196	OL9	thunderbird	2025-07-02
Oracle	ELSA-2025-20405		uek-kernel	2025-07-09
Oracle	ELSA-2025-7458	OL10	xorg-x11-server-Xwayland	2025-07-08
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10548-01	EL7	apache-commons-vfs	2025-07-08
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10551-01	EL8	container-tools:rhel8	2025-07-08
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:8431-01	EL8	java-1.8.0-ibm	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10371-01	EL10	kernel	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:8743-01	EL8	kernel	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10179-01	EL8.2	kernel	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10211-01	EL8.8	kernel	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10379-01	EL9	kernel	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:9880-01	EL9	kernel	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10547-01	EL9.2	kernel	2025-07-08
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:9584-01	EL9.4	kernel	2025-07-08
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:8744-01	EL8	kernel-rt	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10536-01	EL9.2	kernel-rt	2025-07-08
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10527-01	EL9.2	kernel-rt	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10108-01	EL7	microcode_ctl	2025-07-03
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10111-01	EL7.7	microcode_ctl	2025-07-03
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10126-01	EL8.2	microcode_ctl	2025-07-03
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10107-01	EL8.4	microcode_ctl	2025-07-03
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10109-01	EL8.6	microcode_ctl	2025-07-03
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10162-01	EL8.8	microcode_ctl	2025-07-03
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10103-01	EL9.0	microcode_ctl	2025-07-03
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10102-01	EL9.2	microcode_ctl	2025-07-03
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10101-01	EL9.4	microcode_ctl	2025-07-03
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10180-01	EL9.2	pam	2025-07-03
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:7431-01	EL9	php	2025-07-02
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10549-01	EL10	podman	2025-07-08
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10550-01	EL9	podman	2025-07-08
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:9940-01	EL10	python-setuptools	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10407-01	EL9	python-setuptools	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10128-01	EL8	python3	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10484-01	EL8.6	python3	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10026-01	EL8	python3.11	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10148-01	EL9	python3.11	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10140-01	EL10	python3.12	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10031-01	EL8	python3.12	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10189-01	EL9	python3.12	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10028-01	EL9.4	python3.12	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10136-01	EL9	python3.9	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10399-01	EL9.4	python3.9	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10541-01	EL8.4	rsync	2025-07-08
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10353-01	EL9	socat	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10544-01	EL9.2	socat	2025-07-08
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10110-01	EL8	sudo	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10518-01	EL8.2	sudo	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10383-01	EL8.4	sudo	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10520-01	EL8.6	sudo	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:9978-01	EL9	sudo	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10195-01	EL10	thunderbird	2025-07-02
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10246-01	EL8	thunderbird	2025-07-02
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10166-01	EL8.2	thunderbird	2025-07-02
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10165-01	EL8.4	thunderbird	2025-07-02
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10164-01	EL8.6	thunderbird	2025-07-02
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10163-01	EL8.8	thunderbird	2025-07-02
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10196-01	EL9	thunderbird	2025-07-02
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10160-01	EL9.2	thunderbird	2025-07-02
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10159-01	EL9.4	thunderbird	2025-07-02
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10377-01	EL6	tigervnc	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10375-01	EL7	tigervnc	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10376-01	EL7.7	tigervnc	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:9392-01	EL8	tigervnc	2025-07-02
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10378-01	EL8.2	tigervnc	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10349-01	EL8.4	tigervnc	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10344-01	EL8.6	tigervnc	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10355-01	EL8.8	tigervnc	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:9306-01	EL9	tigervnc	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10381-01	EL9.0	tigervnc	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10410-01	EL9.2	tigervnc	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10374-01	EL9.4	tigervnc	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:8194-01	EL8.2	webkit2gtk3	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10364-01	EL7	webkitgtk4	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:9305-01	EL8	xorg-x11-server and xorg-x11-server-Xwayland	2025-07-02
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:9303-01	EL9	xorg-x11-server and xorg-x11-server-Xwayland	2025-07-02
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10360-01	EL7	xorg-x11-server	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:9964-01	EL8.2	xorg-x11-server	2025-07-02
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10342-01	EL8.4	xorg-x11-server	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10356-01	EL8.6	xorg-x11-server	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10343-01	EL8.8	xorg-x11-server	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10352-01	EL9.0	xorg-x11-server	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10350-01	EL9.2	xorg-x11-server	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10351-01	EL9.4	xorg-x11-server	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10346-01	EL8.6	xorg-x11-server-Xwayland	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10370-01	EL8.8	xorg-x11-server-Xwayland	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10348-01	EL9.0	xorg-x11-server-Xwayland	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10347-01	EL9.2	xorg-x11-server-Xwayland	2025-07-07
Red Hat	RHSA-2025:10258-01	EL9.4	xorg-x11-server-Xwayland	2025-07-02
Slackware	SSA:2025-184-01		php	2025-07-03
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15205-1	TW	SDL	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15206-1	TW	SDL2	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15207-1	TW	alloy	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15208-1	TW	apache-commons-fileupload	2025-07-05
SUSE	SUSE-SU-2025:02241-1	SLE15 SES7.1	apache2	2025-07-08
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15313-1	TW	apache2-mod_security2	2025-07-07
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15209-1	TW	assimp-devel	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15210-1	TW	chromedriver	2025-07-05
SUSE	SUSE-SU-2025:02201-1	SLE12	clamav	2025-07-02
SUSE	SUSE-SU-2025:02200-1	SLE15 oS15.6	clamav	2025-07-02
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15211-1	TW	clamav	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15212-1	TW	clustershell	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15250-1	TW	corepack22	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15296-1	TW	ctdb	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15213-1	TW	curl	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15314-1	TW	dpkg	2025-07-07
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15291-1	TW	erlang-rabbitmq-client	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15215-1	TW	ffmpeg-4	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15203-1	TW	firefox	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15216-1	TW	firefox-esr	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15217-1	TW	flake-pilot	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15218-1	TW	fractal	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15219-1	TW	gdm	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15245-1	TW	ggml-devel-5699	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15221-1	TW	gio-branding-upstream	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15220-1	TW	git-lfs	2025-07-05
SUSE	SUSE-SU-2025:02233-1	SLE12	glib2	2025-07-07
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15222-1	TW	glibc	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15223-1	TW	go1.23	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15224-1	TW	go1.24	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15225-1	TW	govulncheck-vulndb	2025-07-05
SUSE	SUSE-SU-2025:20454-1	SLE-m6.0	gpg2	2025-07-04
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15226-1	TW	grafana	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15227-1	TW	grype	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15228-1	TW	helm	2025-07-05
SUSE	SUSE-SU-2025:01830-2	SLE15	helm-mirror	2025-07-08
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15229-1	TW	himmelblau	2025-07-05
SUSE	SUSE-SU-2025:02216-1	SLE12	icu	2025-07-03
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15230-1	TW	icu	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15317-1	TW	incus	2025-07-07
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15232-1	TW	jgit	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15233-1	TW	jq	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15269-1	TW	jupyter-bqplot-jupyterlab	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15274-1	TW	jupyter-jupyterlab-templates	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15271-1	TW	jupyter-matplotlib	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15275-1	TW	jupyter-nbclassic	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15276-1	TW	jupyter-nbdime	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15277-1	TW	jupyter-panel	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15278-1	TW	jupyter-plotly	2025-07-05
SUSE	SUSE-SU-2025:02254-1	SLE15	kernel	2025-07-08
SUSE	SUSE-SU-2025:02249-1	SLE15 oS15.6	kernel	2025-07-08
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15294-1	TW	keylime-ima-policy	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15234-1	TW	kubernetes1.30-apiserver	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15235-1	TW	kubernetes1.31-apiserver	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15236-1	TW	kubernetes1.32-apiserver	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15240-1	TW	libQt5Bootstrap-devel-static-32bit	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15237-1	TW	libbd_btrfs-devel	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15238-1	TW	libetebase-devel	2025-07-05
SUSE	SUSE-SU-2025:02213-1	SLE15	libgepub	2025-07-02
SUSE	SUSE-SU-2025:02222-1	SLE15 oS15.6	libgepub	2025-07-04
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15315-1	TW	libmozjs-128-0	2025-07-07
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15265-1	TW	libprotobuf-lite31_1_0	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15242-1	TW	libsoup-2_4-1	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15241-1	TW	libsoup-3_0-0	2025-07-05
SUSE	SUSE-SU-2025:02212-1	SLE-m5.2	libsoup	2025-07-02
SUSE	SUSE-SU-2025:20453-1	SLE-m6.0	libsoup	2025-07-04
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15297-1	TW	libspdlog1_15	2025-07-05
SUSE	SUSE-SU-2025:02229-1	SLE15 oS15.6	libssh	2025-07-04
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15243-1	TW	libssh-config	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15299-1	TW	libsystemd0	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15244-1	TW	libtpms-devel	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15308-1	TW	libwireshark18	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15309-1	TW	libwx_gtk2u_adv-suse16_0_0	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15246-1	TW	mirrorsorcerer	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15247-1	TW	moarvm	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15248-1	TW	nix	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15249-1	TW	nodejs-electron	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15251-1	TW	nova	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15252-1	TW	oci-cli	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15253-1	TW	opa	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15254-1	TW	openbao	2025-07-05
SUSE	SUSE-SU-2025:02236-1	SLE15	openssl-3	2025-07-07
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15255-1	TW	ovmf-202505	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15256-1	TW	pam	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15257-1	TW	pam_pkcs11	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15258-1	TW	perl-32bit	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15259-1	TW	perl-CryptX	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15260-1	TW	perl-File-Find-Rule	2025-07-05
SUSE	SUSE-SU-2025:20456-1	SLE-m6.0	perl	2025-07-04
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15261-1	TW	perl-YAML-LibYAML	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15262-1	TW	podman	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15263-1	TW	polaris	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15264-1	TW	postgresql-jdbc	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15266-1	TW	pure-ftpd	2025-07-05
SUSE	SUSE-SU-2025:02248-1	SLE15 oS15.6	python-Django	2025-07-08
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15270-1	TW	python-furo-doc	2025-07-05
SUSE	SUSE-SU-2025:02205-1	MP4.3 SLE15 oS15.4 oS15.6	python-requests	2025-07-02
SUSE	SUSE-SU-2025:20455-1	SLE-m6.0	python-requests	2025-07-04
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15285-1	TW	python310	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15267-1	TW	python311-Django	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15268-1	TW	python311-Django4	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15316-1	TW	python311-Pillow	2025-07-07
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15286-1	TW	python311	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15272-1	TW	python311-jupyter-core	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15279-1	TW	python311-pydata-sphinx-theme	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15281-1	TW	python311-requests	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15295-1	TW	python311-salt	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15283-1	TW	python311-urllib3	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15287-1	TW	python312	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15288-1	TW	python313	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15289-1	TW	python314	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15290-1	TW	python39	2025-07-05
SUSE	SUSE-SU-2025:02232-1	oS15.3 oS15.6	python39	2025-07-07
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15292-1	TW	radare2	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15293-1	TW	redis	2025-07-05
SUSE	SUSE-SU-2025:02230-1	SLE15	samba	2025-07-04
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15298-1	TW	sudo	2025-07-05
SUSE	SUSE-SU-2025:02243-1	SLE12	systemd	2025-07-08
SUSE	SUSE-SU-2025:02244-1	SLE15 oS15.6	systemd	2025-07-08
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15300-1	TW	teleport	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15204-1	TW	thunderbird	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15312-1	TW	thunderbird	2025-07-07
SUSE	SUSE-SU-2025:02214-1	SLE12	tomcat	2025-07-03
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15301-1	TW	tomcat	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15302-1	TW	tomcat10	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15303-1	TW	tomcat11	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15304-1	TW	traefik	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15305-1	TW	traefik2	2025-07-05
SUSE	SUSE-SU-2025:02231-1	SLE15 oS15.6	valkey	2025-07-07
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15306-1	TW	valkey	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15307-1	TW	velociraptor	2025-07-05
SUSE	SUSE-SU-2025:02228-1	MP4.3 SLE15 SLE-m5.1 SLE-m5.2 SLE-m5.3 SLE-m5.4 SES7.1	vim	2025-07-04
SUSE	SUSE-SU-2025:02227-1	SLE12	vim	2025-07-04
SUSE	SUSE-SU-2025:02226-1	SLE15 SLE-m5.5 oS15.5 oS15.6	vim	2025-07-04
SUSE	SUSE-SU-2025:02225-1	SLE12	xorg-x11-server	2025-07-04
SUSE	SUSE-SU-2025:02206-1	SLE15	xorg-x11-server	2025-07-02
SUSE	SUSE-SU-2025:02208-1	SLE15 SES7.1	xorg-x11-server	2025-07-02
SUSE	SUSE-SU-2025:02207-1	SLE15 oS15.5	xorg-x11-server	2025-07-02
SUSE	SUSE-SU-2025:02224-1	SLE15 oS15.6	xorg-x11-server	2025-07-04
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15310-1	TW	xorg-x11-server	2025-07-05
SUSE	openSUSE-SU-2025:15311-1	TW	xwayland	2025-07-05
Ubuntu	USN-7620-1	22.04 24.04 24.10 25.04	File::Find::Rule	2025-07-07
Ubuntu	USN-7615-1	22.04 24.04 24.10 25.04	clamav	2025-07-02
Ubuntu	USN-7010-2	16.04 18.04 20.04	dcmtk	2025-07-08
Ubuntu	USN-7624-1	24.04 25.04	freerdp3	2025-07-08
Ubuntu	USN-7623-1	16.04 18.04 20.04 22.04 24.04 24.10 25.04	ghostscript	2025-07-08
Ubuntu	USN-7626-1	16.04 18.04 20.04 22.04 24.04 24.10 25.04	git	2025-07-08
Ubuntu	USN-7412-2	22.04 24.04 24.10 25.04	gnupg2	2025-07-08
Ubuntu	USN-7622-1	14.04 16.04 18.04	jquery	2025-07-08
Ubuntu	USN-7619-1	22.04 24.04 24.10 25.04	libssh	2025-07-07
Ubuntu	USN-7617-1	22.04 24.04 24.10 25.04	libtpms	2025-07-03
Ubuntu	USN-7594-3	25.04	linux-aws, linux-oracle	2025-07-08
Ubuntu	USN-7608-4	20.04 22.04	linux-aws-5.15, linux-intel-iot-realtime	2025-07-03
Ubuntu	USN-7628-1	24.04 24.10	linux-azure, linux-azure-6.11	2025-07-08
Ubuntu	USN-7609-4	24.04	linux-azure	2025-07-08
Ubuntu	USN-7611-2	25.04	linux-azure	2025-07-08
Ubuntu	USN-7585-6	20.04	linux-bluefield	2025-07-03
Ubuntu	USN-7627-2	18.04	linux-fips, linux-aws-fips, linux-azure-fips, linux-gcp-fips	2025-07-08
Ubuntu	USN-7609-3	24.04	linux-ibm	2025-07-04
Ubuntu	USN-7608-5	20.04 22.04	linux-ibm-5.15, linux-intel-iotg, linux-nvidia-tegra, linux-nvidia-tegra-5.15, linux-nvidia-tegra-igx	2025-07-08
Ubuntu	USN-7608-5	20.04 22.04	linux-ibm-5.15, linux-intel-iotg, linux-nvidia-tegra, linux-nvidia-tegra-5.15, linux-nvidia-tegra-igx	2025-07-08
Ubuntu	USN-7591-5	22.04	linux-intel-iotg	2025-07-04
Ubuntu	USN-7607-3	16.04	linux-kvm	2025-07-08
Ubuntu	USN-7605-2	24.04 24.10	linux-lowlatency, linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.11	2025-07-04
Ubuntu	USN-7610-2	24.04 24.10	linux-lowlatency, linux-oem-6.11	2025-07-08
Ubuntu	USN-7618-1	24.04	linux-oem-6.14	2025-07-04
Ubuntu	USN-7616-1	16.04 18.04 20.04 22.04	logback	2025-07-03
Ubuntu	USN-7613-1	20.04 22.04 24.04	mongo-c-driver	2025-07-03
Ubuntu	USN-7625-1	16.04 18.04 20.04 22.04	onionshare	2025-07-08
Ubuntu	USN-7614-1	16.04 20.04 22.04	pcs	2025-07-03
Ubuntu	USN-7612-1	20.04 22.04 24.04 24.10 25.04	python-flask-cors	2025-07-03

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