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In latest Android, when an application is using the microphone there is a visual indication in the status area (a green dot).

When you check the device privacy settings there is a section listing the applications that have used the microphone in the last 24 hours. There is also a master switch there to stop all applications from using the microphone, temporarily.

Android also automatically revokes permissions from apps you haven't used for more than a month.

It's a pretty robust setup, all things considered.