The return of the Unix wars?

Unix had been growing in popularity for many years before its commercial explosion, but the key to its commercial success was a new wave of low-cost workstations that quickly pushed aside centralized minicomputers. These workstations ran an operating system that was, in many cases, nearly identical to the one found on the larger systems, but they were smaller and cheaper, to the point that they could be deployed on the desktops of individual employees. Several vendors jumped into that market and the related market for storage and compute servers.

The problem is that each of those vendors had its own variety of Unix. All of the Unix variants may have had some sort of common heritage, but, by the time they showed up on deployed systems, they were quite different. Heterogeneous networks of Unix-like systems posed challenges for system administrators, developers, and users alike; each new system type brought its own set of quirks, bugs, and misfeatures to deal with. As the various Unix implementations diverged, they became increasingly obnoxious to deal with. As a result, many groups tried to standardize on a single vendor, hoping that they had chosen the right one.

Either that, or they moved to those cheap new PC systems which, at that time, did not run Unix in any convincing way. But they did run DOS (and, eventually, Windows), and, once you got them running, they were all the same. Packaged software became readily available, and, by the mid 1990's, it became increasingly clear that the desktop systems of the future were not going to run Unix. Discouragingly, almost all of the Unix workstation vendors were making deals with Microsoft and announcing that future workstations (and servers) would run NT instead. It was a dark time.

It is fair to say that Linux saved the world from an all-Windows future that was rapidly approaching. Almost since the beginning, though, critics started to say that Linux would fragment just as badly as Unix did; indeed, they predicted that the situation would be even worse. How could things stay coherent, after all, without a benevolent corporate overlord to keep fragmentation from happening?

But that fragmentation did not happen. Lots of distributions exist, but they have all followed roughly the same course and, for the most part, do not differ by all that much. Efforts like the Linux Standard Base and Filesystem Hierarchy Standard have helped in this area. Arguably, a strong focus on avoiding proprietary drivers and basing every distribution on something close to a mainline kernel has helped even more. Moving from one Linux distribution to another can be mildly disorienting for a brief period, but the administration skills are mostly the same, the software still mostly works, and one comes up to speed relatively quickly. Linux has not suffered the fate of proprietary Unix, or even the fragmentation seen in the current free Unix distributions.

But that situation may be changing. An obvious example is Android which, while being based on a Linux kernel, is hardly recognizable as Linux otherwise. Other mobile distributions—MeeGo, Tizen, webOS, etc.—may differ less from "standard" Linux, but they still don't look much like the desktop on which this article is being written. Enterprise distributions increasingly emphasize their own special features - see Oracle's addition of features like Ksplice and Dtrace, for example.

Most recently, we have seen Ubuntu seemingly determined to diverge from other Linux distributions. In particular, the recent announcement that Ubuntu would not move to systemd has led to some charges that they are fragmenting the Linux ecosystem. Such charges do not ring fully true: remember that upstart was there first and was in use by a number of distributions before those distributions (not Ubuntu) switched to something newer and shinier. But, with developments like Unity, Ubuntu does show signs of wanting to be its own world, increasingly removed from the rest of Linux. It is becoming harder for a user of another distribution to sit down at a Ubuntu system and quickly feel at home.

So one could argue that we are heading into a repeat of the Unix wars. It is noteworthy that the word "Linux" does not appear on the ubuntu.com front page; its absence from android.com, instead, has lost its ability to surprise. Distributions were once promoted as a superior form of Linux; now they are given an identity as a separate operating system altogether. Linux, one could say, is just a set of components that a company grabs to build its own special operating system.

That said, there are a couple of things to keep in mind, starting with the fact that the amount of shared code is still high and likely to remain that way. The notable exception, of course, is Android, but that may well be the exception that proves the rule: only a company with the financial resources of Google can hope to take on responsibility for that much code and hope to maintain it over the long term. For most other companies, the cost of going it alone will simply be too high; economics will tend to place an upper limit on how much divergence we will see. That divergence may grow as projects try to do things that Unix-like systems have never done before, but it can also be expected to shrink as the best solutions win and are adopted by others.

The other relevant point is that the computing environment as a whole is becoming far more diverse. A world that was once made up of "desktops" and "servers" now has a far wider variety of computers, most of which are not marketed as such. It seems natural that the Linux that runs on a traditional desktop will be quite different from the Linux that lives on a phone handset, a television, or a logic analyzer. We are not necessarily seeing destructive fragmentation; instead, we're seeing the flexibility of Linux as it easily adapts to a wide range of uses.

In summary: it is probably too soon to declare that the Unix wars have come to Linux. Every Unix was different because vendors felt the need to differentiate their offerings and lock the customer in. Linux vendors, too, are trying to differentiate, but they are doing so (mostly) with free software, which limits how effective such a strategy can be. If Unity truly ends up taking the world by storm, other distributions can ship it overnight. As long as the software remains free, Linux, as a whole, will be as unified as it needs to be.