Review: The Linux Programming Interface [LWN.net]

Review: The Linux Programming Interface

Posted Jan 20, 2011 20:10 UTC (Thu) by RobSeace (subscriber, #4435)
In reply to: Review: The Linux Programming Interface by Cyberax
Parent article: Review: The Linux Programming Interface

> That's not a shortcoming of lsof, but a shortcoming of having a separate
> namespace. It goes against all the Unix traditions.

Not when it comes to sockets, it doesn't... Do your TCP and UDP sockets exist in the filesystem, as well? How do you think lsof deals with those? Right, it has to deal with a separate namespace... Just like it should be taught how to do with Linux's abstract Unix domain namespace... It's not like it's hard: they're right there in "/proc/net/unix", which it already reads anyway...

What, aside from lsof, actually needs to ever reference a Unix domain socket by pathname as if it were a file, anyway? It's not like you can just pass one to an arbitrary app which is expecting a file, and expect it to do anything sensible... Like, for instance, you can do with a named pipe... That's a case where existing in the filesystem is actually useful... There's absolutely no use to socket files; they're not "files" in any meaningful sense, because you can't do file I/O on them... They're just special creatures that happen to be identified via a pathname...

And, your strawman about getting rid of "/dev", "/sys", "/proc", etc. is missing the point entirely... The things under those dirs are perfectly usable AS FILES! They may be special creatures of their own, but plain old file I/O works on them; you can open() them, read() from them, write() to them... You can't do that on a socket "file"... I'm all in favor of "everything as a file", having used Unix-like systems for well over 20 years now... But, I'm not in favor of leaving tons of file-like tokens scattered all over the filesystem, which can't actually be used like files for anything, and which only exist there for the sole purpose of having a unique name to identify them by...

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Review: The Linux Programming Interface

Posted Jan 20, 2011 20:21 UTC (Thu) by Cyberax (✭ supporter ✭, #52523) [Link] (5 responses)

>Not when it comes to sockets, it doesn't... Do your TCP and UDP sockets exist in the filesystem, as well? How do you think lsof deals with those?

Which is a shortcoming of Unix design (which was fixed in 9p, btw).

>What, aside from lsof, actually needs to ever reference a Unix domain socket by pathname as if it were a file, anyway? It's not like you can just pass one to an arbitrary app which is expecting a file, and expect it to do anything sensible...

How about security with AppArmor? Does your namespace work with chroot? Also, unix sockets have a creation time (which helped me once).

>And, your strawman about getting rid of "/dev", "/sys", "/proc", etc. is missing the point entirely... The things under those dirs are perfectly usable AS FILES!

Not really. I can't open a lot of files in /proc for writing or reading. Quite a lot of devices in /dev are IOCTL-only and can't perform any read/write operation and so on.

Review: The Linux Programming Interface

Posted Jan 20, 2011 21:08 UTC (Thu) by RobSeace (subscriber, #4435) [Link] (4 responses)

> Which is a shortcoming of Unix design

Perhaps, but given that you need to use completely different syscalls to work with sockets, and can't really just use regular file syscalls on them (well, for the most part; of course you can use read()/write() on them), I'm not sure I agree... How does Plan9 deal with this? Can you just open() up a TCP socket, and somehow specify a host and port to connect to, or one to listen on? (A la bash's "/dev/tcp"...) Once you do, does this process-specific socket exist as a separate file for others to see (and interact with)? I'm not sure I see how it makes much sense, in general...

> How about security with AppArmor?

Maybe, I know nothing about AppArmor... My distro (RHEL/CentOS) doesn't use it, favoring SELinux instead... (And, there's probably SOME method of making SELinux work with abstract Unix domain sockets, but goodness knows if anyone could ever figure out HOW!)

> Does your namespace work with chroot?

My namespace? Thanks for the credit, but I didn't invent it; I'm just a very big fan of it who regularly uses it... ;-)

But, sure, I guess that's a possible valid use... I'm not sure I can really conceive of a real-world use for such a thing, however... Maybe sandboxing something with its own private "/dev/log" that goes somewhere other than the real syslogd? *shrug*

> Also, unix sockets have a creation time (which helped me once).

Well, not really; like any other file, they've got modify and change times... But, yeah, both will generally reflect creation time... I'm not really sure how that'd be of much help in general, though?

> I can't open a lot of files in /proc for writing or reading.

Like which? For reasons other than permissions? Not talking about directories (or symlinks to them), I assume? Do you mean the non-file FD symlinks under "/proc/#/fd/"? Those you can at least readlink() like a real symlink...

> Quite a lot of devices in /dev are IOCTL-only and can't perform any read/write operation and so on.

Is it really a lot? Even if so, at least you can open() them... And, at least all the device special files are confined to "/dev" (in practice), rather than scattered wherever (usually in "/tmp") like most filesystem Unix domain sockets... If they had their own directory to live in which everyone used by convention, I wouldn't mind them nearly as much... I don't mind "/dev/log", since it's stuck in "/dev/" with the other special files...

One huge benefit of abstract Unix domain sockets is no need to worry about unlink()'ing them when you're done, and dealing with the race conditions inherent in that... They just go away when you exit or close() the listening socket... With filesystem sockets, a server needs to see if the socket already exists in the filesystem; if so, maybe that means another copy of itself (or some other app) is using that socket; or, maybe it means it previously crashed before being able to remove that socket... Should it unlink() it and try to bind() it itself? Only way to know is try to connect() to it, and see if someone is really listening on it (or look for it in "/proc/net/unix")... None of this is needed with abstract Unix domain sockets...

Review: The Linux Programming Interface

Posted Jan 21, 2011 15:00 UTC (Fri) by price (guest, #59790) [Link] (2 responses)

The reason abstract-namespace sockets are evil is that everything you end up wanting to do to them has to be reinvented, or else you live without. If on the other hand you use a common abstraction, namely the filesystem, then you get the benefit of all the common tools.

Cyberax's examples of the things you want to do include
* protect with AppArmor
* hide in a namespace away from some processes (like with chroot)
* see when they were created (presumably for debugging)

Here's my example:
* move them out of the way.
You think you wouldn't want that for a socket? Think again. I once had to deal with a buggy server process (clvmd) that would occasionally hang unkillably (due to a kernel bug), while holding an abstract-namespace socket. This means that when I tried to restart it, the new process would immediately fail because the socket was already bound.

If the clvmd authors had used filesystem sockets like good Unix-respecting developers, I could have simply mv'd or even rm'd the old socket, and the new process would have been free to bind to its socket at the usual name. Instead, I had to restart the box. This was a VM server -- dozens of people's VMs were affected by each restart. The bug recurred a couple of times a day. I *really* wished the program had used sockets in the filesystem, or that somebody had implemented rename() or unlink() for abstract-namespace sockets -- but who would do that? The program should have used sockets in the filesystem.

If you're unhappy because a system leaves files around in /tmp that aren't used anymore, you're really focusing on the wrong things.

Review: The Linux Programming Interface

Posted Jan 21, 2011 15:39 UTC (Fri) by RobSeace (subscriber, #4435) [Link] (1 responses)

> examples of the things you want to do include

No, I want to do none of those things... Maybe they are things YOU and others want to do... But, personally, I have no need for any of them, and they mostly seem like stretches and grasping at straws to justify them existing in a place they certainly don't belong (the filesystem)...

And, your example of a buggy app and/or kernel is just crazy... You want to be able to kluge around a serious app/kernel bug by stealing its socket out from under it, and replacing it via another running copy? How about just fixing the bug! What if it were holding a TCP port# instead? Do you complain that you can't "rm" listening TCP ports, too?

> If you're unhappy because a system leaves files around in /tmp that aren't used anymore

That's part of why I dislike them... They're scattered around wherever, often somewhere under "/tmp" (which is a really poor place for something designed to be a shared identifier for communication between multiple apps)... But, mostly I dislike them because THEY ARE NOT FILES! Just having them exist as a directory entry in the filesystem does not fulfill some Unix utopia idea of "everything is a file"... In order for that to be fulfilled, the things must actually be usable AS FILES... If they were designed such that you could pass one to an otherwise unsuspecting app, which just open()'d it normally, and that magically let that app talk to whoever is listening on the other end of the socket (a la a named pipe), then I'd be all in favor of them... That would be brilliant... But, no, you can't do that... All you can do with a Unix domain socket "file" is to bind() to it or connect() to it... They're not files; they're filesystem representations of unique socket addresses, and that's all... As such, there's no need for them to live in the filesystem at all... (Unless you have special rare needs like those previously mentioned which can only be solved by them having a pathname in the filesystem...)

Review: The Linux Programming Interface

Posted Jan 27, 2011 14:14 UTC (Thu) by renox (guest, #23785) [Link]

> that if it were holding a TCP port# instead? Do you complain that you can't "rm" listening TCP ports, too?

I had this need in one of our application, to workaround an issue I had to use a small tool which can 'force close' a 'listening TCP ports', having the possibility to 'rm' listening TCP ports would have been much more easy.

Review: The Linux Programming Interface

Posted Jan 28, 2011 21:32 UTC (Fri) by spitzak (guest, #4593) [Link]

> And, at least all the device special files are confined to "/dev" (in practice), rather than scattered wherever (usually in "/tmp") like most filesystem Unix domain sockets...

I think this is your only legitimate complaint. Why not make a fix so the "abstract name space" is mounted under a permanent name. Then everything is in a predictable place in the filesystem, and you have all the HUGE advantages that they are in the same namespace you can search with existing tools.

/proc is full of files that used to be "namespaces" (actaully various kernel calls and tools that peeked into kernel memory maps). I think it is pretty obvious that /proc is VASTLY superior to the old api, in that it is discoverable and many more tools are written to use it.