Fixing the cryptoloop driver [LWN.net]

The Linux loop driver is a virtual disk driver which loops block I/O requests back to a file or partition on a local drive. It has a number of uses, such as mounting ISO images contained within a file on another filesystem. The loop driver is also well positioned to apply transformations to block data as it passes through, however. It is thus a logical place for the implementation of encrypted filesystems. By adding a cryptographic transformation to the loop driver, encryption can be added to any standard Linux filesystem without having to worry about the filesystem code itself. An actual encrypted loop driver has never been packaged with the Linux kernel, but implementation have long been available through sites like kerneli.org.

In 2.5 the mainline kernel was opened up to cryptographic code. Numerous ciphers and other algorithms have been added as part of the new crypto API, but, so far, encryption has not been hooked into the loop driver. Connecting up the components is not that hard at this point, but there is one slightly thorny issue which still needs to be resolved.

Many ciphers can take an "initial vector" argument, along with the encryption key and the data to encrypt (or decrypt). The initial vector influences the encryption of the data; the same initial vector must be supplied when that data is decrypted. For filesystems, the initial vector is often derived from the position of the data block within the filesystem, with the result that how data is encrypted depends on its position on the (virtual) disk.

The Linux loop driver, while not performing encryption itself, has long had a number of hooks to make it easier for others to plug in encryption algorithms. One of the things the loop driver does is calculate and provide an initial vector value for data transformations. This seems like a useful service for the loop driver to provide, except that nobody likes how that initial vector is calculated.

The problem is that the initial vector is derived from the logical block number of the data in the filesystem holding the loopback image. This method works until the block size of that filesystem changes; at that point the initial vectors change and the filesystem becomes unreadable. The loopback driver does, by behaving this way, achieve the objective of protecting the data from prying eyes. But users can be hard to satisfy, and they complain anyway.

The fix, as posted by Fruhwirth Clemens (or, as part of a bigger loop patch by Andries Brouwer), is simple. Rather than using block numbers to generate the initial vector, the loop driver should simply use 512-byte sector offsets. With that change, initial vectors are independent of the blocksize of the underlying filesystem and all is well. Except, of course, for those users who created filesystems using the older initial vector calculation. A change in the initial vector will lock all of those users out of their data, an act which is seen as being in poor taste. As a result, some developers have argued that this change cannot be merged as it is.

The real question, however, is whether anybody actually has filesystems encrypted with block-based initial vectors. The kernel itself has not ever had support for a cryptographic loop driver, so there is no compatibility with older mainline kernels to break. The external projects which have provided this support - loop-AES and kerneli - also noticed the initial vector problem a long time ago and fixed it in their code. So it would seem that, in fact, there are no users dependent on the older algorithm. In that case, it makes a great deal of sense to fix it now, before somebody does start using it in 2.6. If, on the other hand, somebody, somewhere really has used the old initial vector calculation to encrypt data, they may want to speak up fairly soon.

to post comments

Fixing the cryptoloop driver

Posted Jun 27, 2003 17:11 UTC (Fri) by spudbeach (guest, #5837) [Link] (2 responses)

Just do it now. The 2.5 kernels are _development_ kernels, not production. Anybody who needed encrypted loopback devices should have been (and probably is) using loop-AES or kerneli. Think of a kernel cryptoloop driver as being the final, standard implementation of loop-AES -- learn from their mistakes, don't make our own.

Fixing the cryptoloop driver

Posted Jul 1, 2003 9:17 UTC (Tue) by watersb (guest, #10230) [Link]

Jari Ruusu has worked to get patches to the util-linux that work with both loop-AES and with the Clemens-loop patch. Some have objected to this, thinking it too complex, but I personally don't care so much as it works.

I have been testing util-linux with these patches, with 2.5.73 and they work for my use cases. I would very much like to see the cryptoloop incorporated into mainline for 2.5!

Fixing the cryptoloop driver

Posted Jul 3, 2003 17:38 UTC (Thu) by haraldt (guest, #961) [Link]

It's of course always possible to have a backward-compatible option in the kernel configuration (or a perhaps rather a patch) for those who need it the old way.