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DistributionsBedrock LinuxThe Linux ecosystem does not lack for distributions; there are hundreds of them catering to almost any need that one might think of. But where does that leave the poor user who is unable to decide between the virtues of two or more different distributions? Distribution choice tends to be all-or-nothing: there is no easy way to obtain the benefits from multiple distributions at the same time on a single machine. That is a situation that the folks at Bedrock Linux are trying to change — but the result is unlikely to be suitable for everybody.The design goal of Bedrock Linux is to allow users to mix and match pieces from multiple distributions at will. If one wants something that looks mostly like openSUSE, but with the ability to source-install a bleeding-edge LibreOffice from Gentoo next to tried-and-stable PostgreSQL server from CentOS, Bedrock Linux will make that possible. If one wants to fall back to Emacs from Debian stable because the latest Rawhide update broke it again, one can. As the project web site says: "Packages feel disposable, like toothpicks. No need to fret over one breaking; just use another." The end result should be a world where users never have to commit to a specific distribution because all distributions of interest to them will be available simultaneously. The Bedrock Linux core exists mostly to boot the system and facilitate the running of applications from multiple "client" distributions. As such, it is a bit of a strange and minimal beast. The syslinux bootloader is used to keep things as simple as possible. The kernel is Linux, of course; the Bedrock user space is based on Busybox, so there is not a lot to it. It is all intended to be robust and to function even if an important client distribution breaks; to that end, the core Bedrock binaries are all statically linked. Static linking is also needed to ensure that those utilities will work regardless of the client distribution context they might be run in. The client distributions are installed under /var/chroot, so /var/chroot/fedora would host a Fedora installation. Users can run a command out of any distribution, but the work that must be done under the hood to make that happen is significant. As might be guessed from the directory names, Bedrock Linux uses the chroot() system call to run programs in the distribution context they expect. The brc command makes all this happen; typing:
brc fedora firefox
would use chroot() to restrict the process's view to /var/chroot/fedora, then run the firefox binary from there. The idea is conceptually simple, but it quickly runs into complications. What if that firefox binary wants to run a helper program from a different distribution? That requires the ability to break out of the restricted root, somehow. Bedrock makes this happen with a combination of setuid binaries and bind mounts. From the outside, it looks like it might have been better to make use of namespaces to reshape each process's view of the filesystem, but that is not the direction Bedrock took. The result is that everything that must be visible to any distribution-specific program must be bind-mounted into the restricted root. That is, to begin with, how commands get access to the user's home directory. Regardless of which distribution context a process is running in, /home will be properly mounted to be visible there. In the current alpha release (1.0alpha2, known as "Momo"), every process has all of the directories for all distributions bind-mounted into it. This mounting is done on the fly as commands are run, leading to some complex topologies. That complexity turns out to be a bit of a problem; as the Bedrock developers say in the notes for the upcoming 1.0alpha3 release:
Real-world use of Momo can easily result in hundreds of thousands
of mount points. Since it is not possible to predict how deep the
tree will go, Momo cannot set up all of these mounts at
boot. Rather, it attempts to create these mounts just before they
are necessary on-the-fly. This has a number of down sides.
Performance is at the top of the list of "down sides," but it's clear that a system configured like this can be unwieldy in a number of ways. So it will be replaced in 1.0alpha3 with a new version of the brc command that, when a distribution boundary is to be crossed, will simply break out of the restricted root and enter a new one for the new distribution. That eliminates the need to set up lots of new bind mounts at every command invocation, at the cost of needing to run a setuid breakout program instead. Given that initialization systems have been a hot topic recently, one might well wonder what Bedrock does in this area. Can one easily switch from, say, OpenRC to systemd? The answer is that Bedrock literally does nothing:
The Bedrock Linux developer has been unable to think of any sane
way of determining which init script to run when the clients
conflict (which CUPS daemon should run, if multiple are
available?). Additionally, an automated way to determine the launch
order from all of the possible systems it will run into seems far
too challenging of a project. Thus, Bedrock Linux requires manually
setting which programs from which client's init is launched when.
Setting up Bedrock, thus, is not a task for users wanting a one-click installation experience. Especially since Bedrock does not really have an installer of its own at all. The FAQ entry on why there is no installer is amusing reading, to say the least. Suffice to say that Bedrock, for now, is for users who want to do a lot of their own setup and tweaking. It may be especially well suited for those users who have gotten frustrated with the way distributions like Gentoo do everything for them. It is also not for users who want something in a hurry; 1.0alpha3 is planned for release by "end-of-summer 2013." And that will still be an alpha release. Whether Bedrock Linux will ever get past the alpha stage is anybody's guess. It has the look of an ambitious project with a relatively small amount of developer time available to it. It also looks a little bit insane. But, then, what is free software for if somebody can't take an insane idea and run with it? Some interesting ideas may well come out of the Bedrock Linux project; it will be fun to watch.
Brief items Distribution quotes of the week
If Ubuntu wants to hit the mass market, it needs to find ways to be better, not
ways to be the same, but cheaper. Personally, while I know that application
developers get grumpy about it, I think that the stable model with periodic
upgrades if desired is something most users would like better than what they
experience with other O/S's. It's still good to find ways to make the flow of
fixing actual bugs work better, but I don't think there's a huge market for
getting every single application update and working through new sets of
issues.
-- Scott Kitterman
So yeah, I do acknowledge that both modes of working make sense, I just
believe the default approach should be one where focus is on stabilizing
things, not on developing new stuff all the time.
-- Lennart Poettering (Thanks to Matthew Miller)
Ubuntu 12.10 (Quantal Quetzal) Beta 1 ReleasedThe first beta release of Ubuntu 12.10 "Quantal Quetzal" is now available. Desktop, Server, Cloud, and Core images are available, but this release does do away with the separate CD, DVD, and "alternate" desktop images provided for previous releases, in favor of a single consolidated ISO. Updated packages include xserver 1.13, Python 3, and KDE 4.9.
Distribution News Debian GNU/Linux bits from the DPL: August 2012Debian Project Leader Stefano Zacchiroli reports on his August activities. Topics include trademark policy, DebConf infrastructure, a vacancy on the technical committee, new hardware, and more.
Bits from the FTPTeam, upcoming meetingDebian's FTPTeam presents a few bits, including a team introduction, a call for volunteers, some expected archive outages during the sprint (September 14-21), and a wrap up of this year's GSoC project.
Newsletters and articles of interest Distribution newsletters
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