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DistributionsMembership structures in Debian and UbuntuDebian and Ubuntu have a set of official membership roles that can be granted to regular contributors. Those roles come with rights that enable the contributors to do their work and to participate in the project governance (elections and other official decision-making processes). It's also a way for the distributions to acknowledge the work done: most contributors are proud of the status they reached. The membership structure plays an important role in the development of a distribution: it defines the kind of contributors that are welcome in the project, it sets expectations of the project towards its contributors and defines their rights. In the end, this shapes the project's ability to recruit new contributors to keep the project alive and kicking. This article introduces the existing statuses in Debian and Ubuntu, and defines the — sometimes confusing — jargon associated with them. The Debian caseDebian only has two types of official members: Debian Developers (DD) and Debian Maintainers (DM). The rights of the developers are codified in the Debian Constitution while those of the maintainers have been defined in a general resolution of 2007. The Debian Maintainer status is still mostly documented in a wiki page. The integration of this new status in Debian's official processes has been slow to come largely because it was introduced — at that time — without enough negotiation with the involved parties. Nowadays, it is preferred that people get the DM status before applying for DD. DM is a very limited role: maintainers can only upload packages that already have their name on them (either in the Maintainer or Uploaders field) and a specific flag (DM-Upload-Allowed: yes) that only Debian Developers can add. They have no other rights and limited access to Debian's resources. Besides those official roles, there are also maintainers of packages that have no official status within Debian except that they are listed in the "Maintainer" field of the package. They are doing the maintenance work but all uploads are done by a Debian Developer after verification of the work done (this is called "sponsorship" and is the only way to start with official packaging work). Once the DD trusts the maintainer, the developer will typically ask the maintainer to apply for DM status in order to be relieved from the sponsorship work. In the end, that makes three different kind of package maintainers and a lot of confusion when you discuss membership issues... in particular when the New Maintainer process is the path that you follow to become a Debian Developer. Don't be fooled by the names when reading Debian's documentation!
Developer roles in UbuntuUbuntu has had, from the start, an official Ubuntu Member status that includes all contributors: developers of course, but also documentation writers, artists, translators, etc. This status notably grants the right to vote in elections of the Community Council, the right to participate on Planet Ubuntu, and an @ubuntu.com email alias. For developers, the situation is more complicated: the wiki page lists no less than five different statuses. Initially, developers were split between Ubuntu Core Developers and the MOTU (Masters Of The Universe). The latter were responsible of the universe/multiverse sections of the archive while the former also had upload rights for the main/restricted sections. But, inspired by the Debian Maintainers concept and facing concrete problems in terms of archive management, they changed their infrastructure to offer more fine-grained control of package uploads. Ubuntu can now grant upload permissions on a package-per-package basis, but it can also delegate the right to grant upload permissions with the same granularity. This lead to the new Per-Package Uploader status, which is simply an Ubuntu Member with upload rights on a limited set of packages where they have a specific expertise. The more generic Ubuntu Developers status now encompasses members of various development teams that have been delegated the right to manage upload permissions on a (usually large) package set (the current teams are Ubuntu Desktop, Mythbuntu, Kubuntu, and Edubuntu). Those teams can define their own policy to add new members provided they follow the basic rules defined by the Developer Membership Board (see this wiki page). Ubuntu Contributing Developer is an intermediate status for someone who is not yet ready for one of the other developer statuses but who has still shown enough commitment to be an Ubuntu Member. All those statuses can be obtained in a similar way: you prepare a wiki page listing your past contributions, you collect testimonials from existing members that you have worked with, you add yourself in the agenda of the next meeting of the board (or council) that grants the status that you seek, and you attend the meeting. The members of the board will decide whether you are ready for the status (or not) based on what you provided in the wiki, based on your answers during the meeting (and on a mailing-list for developers), and based on what others have to say about you. The most important boards are usually elected by the community while others are commonly appointed by the community council. Those governance bodies include Canonical employees but not as many as one would expect: two out of eight in the Developer Membership Board, two out of eight in the Community Council, but all six members of the Technical Board. The last figure is not surprising given that the members of the technical board are appointed by Mark Shuttleworth. The community does not get to choose, it can only approve the choice by a confirmation vote. The founder of the distribution clearly wants to keep control on the technical directions of the project. He's also the only person to have a permanent seat on both the Community Council and the Technical Board. Comparison of the statuses between Debian and UbuntuThe following table summarizes the rights given to each developer role in the two projects (Put the mouse over the abbreviations to know what they are referring to).
Please note that the number of contributors are not 100% accurate for Ubuntu. A contributor can have multiple statuses (direct membership to a launchpad group) granted over time (while gaining experience). The problem has been mostly avoided by calculating differences between number of members of the various groups but it's not perfect and it can't be: some MOTU are also PPU for packages in main and it's legitimate (but I only counted them as MOTU and not as PPU). Another limitation is that members of some administrative teams are included indirectly in many teams and thus appear in the count while they should not. Anyway, this simple table makes it obvious that Ubuntu's structure offers a broader choice of statuses. They acknowledge the work of all contributors from the start while still giving the most critical rights only to those who have proven that they deserve them. Despite this difference, Debian still has a significant advantage in terms of number of developers. That number does not tell the whole story though: the Ubuntu contributors include many Canonical employees (e.g. 36 out of 63 core developers have a @canonical.com email registered on their launchpad account) that are likely to spend more time working on the distribution than the average Debian member. But even if comparing person-hours would be a challenging thought experiment, in practice it's of not much interest if both projects continue to cooperate and more and more of the contributions flow in both directions. Debian is aware of the shortcomings of its structure. Changes to better accommodate non-packagers have been discussed several times already. The last efforts in that direction were unfortunately perceived as a solution ready to go rather than a proposal to be discussed, and the project got quickly buried by a general resolution (GR). Even if that resolution invited for further discussion and a new proposal, the truth is that when someone's initiative is "corrected" by way of GR, it usually kills any motivation to go forward.
Possible evolution?On the Ubuntu side, the infrastructural changes were completed recently and they don't expect any further change in the near future. They do plan, however, to expand usage of those new features so that more teams benefit from the possibility to control upload rights on packages that are relevant to them, and so that more individuals developers apply to become Per-Package Uploaders on packages that they know very well. On the Debian side, a recent discussion on the debian-project list brought back the topic of the bad terminology and it was agreed that the "New Maintainer process" should be renamed into something else ("New Developer process" has been suggested). But Christoph Berg — Debian Account Manager and hence heavily involved in the New Maintainer Team — suggested that Debian would be better off implementing the long-awaited membership changes before trying to update all the documentation. It would certainly imply some more vocabulary updates. Later in the discussion, he confirmed that membership reform is at the top of the TODO list of the new maintainer team (just after the rewrite of the nm.debian.org website). What can be expected from this reform? The following answers are my own guesses based on my experience of Debian, but the project hasn't decided anything yet.
Almost two years have elapsed since the previous efforts in that direction, the new maintainer team has recruited new members and is in a general better shape. DebConf is approaching (August 1-7) and has traditionally been a good place to discuss important reforms. Hopefully, the next episode of this saga will have a better outcome.
New Releases MeeGo for IVI 1.0 releaseTime for yet another MeeGo 1.0 release announcement: this time they have produced the first version of the "in-vehicle infotainment" version of the distribution. "As part of this release, we are including a sample IVI Home Screen and taskbar, using the included Qt framework, and designed with Automotive Center Console HMI requirements in mind. We have also included some automotive specific middleware components and a few sample applications, including sample navigation program (Navit) and a sample dialer application (BT-HFP Dialer) which uses Bluetooth and a paired phone."
Jolicloud 1.0 releasedThe 1.0 release of the Jolicloud netbook-oriented distribution has been announced. It has various new features which will doubtless appeal to certain classes of users. "As you may have seen, we've made some changes to the Stream, making it a more social app-sharing experience. Now, in Jolicloud 1.0, you can 'like' apps, which will show up in your Stream. It will also list the app in your 'Favorite Apps'. Don't forget to use this new feature - it's helpful for other users to figure out what the most popular apps are in our growing App Center."
Distribution News Quote of the week
I think it would be good to have a [strategy] proposal focusing on end user products, on something aunt Tilly can work with. openSUSE could be a distribution aiming for polish, the final touch. Working on creating a great end user product. And both the Gnome and KDE people would be able to work with it, as would the Apache team, the Kernel team and all others in the community!
-- Jos Poortvliet
Fedora Announcing FUDCon Tempe 2011The North American FUDCon (Fedora Users and Developers Conference) for 2011 will be held in Tempe, Arizona January 29-31, 2011. "Our last North American FUDCon was in Toronto, Canada. The year previous it was in Boston, MA. We always encourage feedback from the contributors, and the one answer that popped up more often than any other was, 'Let's go somewhere warm this coming winter!'"
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 - 3-Month End Of Life NoticeRed Hat has announced that Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 will receive another 3 months of support before it reaches its end of life. "In accordance with the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Errata Support Policy, the regular 7 year life-cycle of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 will end on October 31, 2010. After this date, Red Hat will discontinue the regular subscription services for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3. Therefore, new bug fix, enhancement, and security errata updates, as well as technical support services will no longer be available."
Other distributions Illumos launched as OpenSolaris derivative (The H)The H reports from the Illumos announcement; Illumos will be a all-free downstream derivative of OpenSolaris. "Illumos is endorsed and supported by Nexenta, Joyent, Greenviolet, Belenix, Schillix, Berlios and Everycity in its efforts to create a freely available SunOS derivative. [Garrett] D'Amore emphasises that Illumos is not a fork, but the work being done will empower the community to fork if needed in the future. He believes the project already has the critical mass necessary to sustain the engineering effort needed."
Newsletters and articles of interest Distribution newsletters
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