> filenames are not always byte strings, unfortunately - every filesystem has various illegal characters
That is the opposite problem. The problem I am trying to solve is that the filesystem can have filenames that are NOT possible in the API that libraries are providing.
The only non-byte-stream filename api that is used at all is UTF-16. However UTF-16 (including invalid UTF-16) can be losslessly translated to UTF-8 and then back to UTF-16. Therefore all filesystems in existence can be controlled by a byte stream API, using UTF-8 as the encoding.
It is true that there are UTF-8 streams that cannot be turned into UTF-16, these would be "illegal characters" for the filenames. If the filesystem does not have a byte api then this can be replicated by turning all errors into "illegal characters" in UTF-16 so that an equivalent error is thrown.